Learning 7 Flashcards
What is learning?
Relatively permanent change brought about experience
classical conditioning
created by ivan pavlov
observed “psychic secretions”
sight an sound of an experimenter elicited the secretion of saliva
stimulus substitution
through repeated associations, one stimulus (experimenter) serves as a substitute for another (food in mouth)
stimulus generalization
stim. that is similar to a conditioned stimulus may elicit the conditioned response
stim discrimination
stim that is sufficiently different from the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the conditioned response (a bell vs. a trumpet)
extinction
reduced prob of classical cone. after repeated trials of stimulation alone
spontaneous recovery
reappearance of CR when S is presented sometime after extinction is completed
little albert and the white rat
1
generalization
albert began to fear white furry objects
discrimination
no fear of objects dissimilar to r rat
operant conditioning
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
law of effect
thorndike
- responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
- responses folioed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated
+ reinforcement
appearance increases the probability of a preceding response
- reinf.
removal increases the probability of a preceding response
punishment
decrease probability of a preceding response
primary reinforcer
satisfies a biological need (hungry=food)
secondary (conditioned) reinforcer
becomes an association with a primary reinforcer
shaping
reinforce successive approximations to the target behavior
Continuous reinforcement
A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement
A behavior is sometimes reinforced
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a fixed number of responses
Variable-ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
Produces a high and steady rate of responding
Fixed-interval schedule
Reinforcement for the first response after a set amount of time.
Produces pauses in responding after reinforcement
Variable-interval schedule
Reinforcement for the first response after a variable amount of time
Discriminative stimuli
Set the occasion for responding
E.g., Food for bar press bar when green light on, no food for bar press with red light on
Extinction
Reinforcement is discontinued
Partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than is continuous reinforcement
Biological constraints
Animals not prepared to make connections between some stimuli and responses.
Facilitating processes:
Attention Retention Reproduction/rehearsal Reinforcement/motivation Including vicarious and self reinforcement
