Learning 7

Question 1

What is learning?

Answer 1

Relatively permanent change brought about experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

created by ivan pavlov

Question 3

observed “psychic secretions”

Answer 3

sight an sound of an experimenter elicited the secretion of saliva

Question 4

stimulus substitution

Answer 4

through repeated associations, one stimulus (experimenter) serves as a substitute for another (food in mouth)

Question 5

stimulus generalization

Answer 5

stim. that is similar to a conditioned stimulus may elicit the conditioned response

Question 6

stim discrimination

Answer 6

stim that is sufficiently different from the conditioned stimulus does not elicit the conditioned response (a bell vs. a trumpet)

Question 7

extinction

Answer 7

reduced prob of classical cone. after repeated trials of stimulation alone

Question 8

spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

reappearance of CR when S is presented sometime after extinction is completed

Question 9

little albert and the white rat

Answer 9

1

Question 10

generalization

Answer 10

albert began to fear white furry objects

Question 11

discrimination

Answer 11

no fear of objects dissimilar to r rat

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

Question 13

law of effect

Answer 13

thorndike

• responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
• responses folioed by negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated

Question 14

+ reinforcement

Answer 14

appearance increases the probability of a preceding response

Question 15

• reinf.

Answer 15

removal increases the probability of a preceding response

Question 16

punishment

Answer 16

decrease probability of a preceding response

Question 17

primary reinforcer

Answer 17

satisfies a biological need (hungry=food)

Question 18

secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Answer 18

becomes an association with a primary reinforcer

Question 19

shaping

Answer 19

reinforce successive approximations to the target behavior

Question 20

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 20

A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Question 21

Partial reinforcement

Answer 21

A behavior is sometimes reinforced

Question 22

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 22

Reinforcement is given only after a fixed number of responses

Question 23

Variable-ratio schedule

Answer 23

Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses

Produces a high and steady rate of responding

Question 24

Fixed-interval schedule

Answer 24

Reinforcement for the first response after a set amount of time.
Produces pauses in responding after reinforcement

Question 25

Variable-interval schedule

Answer 25

Reinforcement for the first response after a variable amount of time

Question 26

Discriminative stimuli

Answer 26

Set the occasion for responding

E.g., Food for bar press bar when green light on, no food for bar press with red light on

Question 27

Extinction

Answer 27

Reinforcement is discontinued

Partial reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than is continuous reinforcement

Question 28

Biological constraints

Answer 28

Animals not prepared to make connections between some stimuli and responses.

Question 29

Facilitating processes:

Answer 29

Attention
Retention
Reproduction/rehearsal
Reinforcement/motivation 
Including vicarious and self reinforcement