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Psychology Intro > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent enduring change in behaviour that results from past experience with certain stimuli and responses.

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2
Q

What does learning influence?

A

interactions, behaviour, perception of environment an interpretation of stimuli.

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3
Q

Maturation

A

Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in brain size, height et.

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4
Q

Three categories of behaviour

A

Reflexes: involuntary responses to stimuli.

Instincts: in born patterns of behaviour that are evoked by environmental stimuli.

Learned behaviours: behaviours that are consciously learned from our environment.

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5
Q

Humanistic Perspective on learning- Abraham Maslow

A

Focuses on the potential for personal growth and development.

People who are intrinsically driven to learn and propel themselves towards discovering their own destinies and eventual self-actualisation.

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6
Q

Behavioural Perspective- John B Watson and Skinner

A

Only observable behaviour can be scientifically measured.

Learning has occurred when some sort of external behaviour can be observed.

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7
Q

Cognitive Perspective-Kohler and Max Werthiemer

A

Human learning uses internal processes such as thinking and memory.

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8
Q

Social Perspective-Albert Bandura

A

Learning is based on observation and imitation of other peoples behaviour.

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9
Q

Types of learning

A

Associative learning
Observational Learning
Cognitive learning

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10
Q

Two types of Associative Learning

A

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

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11
Q

Classical Conditioning-Pavlov

A

A process by which we learn to associate that frequently happen together with each other.

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12
Q

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)

A

Stimulus that naturally evokes response in an organism

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13
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

Unlearned, involuntary reflex to an unconditioned stimuli.

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14
Q

Conditioned Stimuli/Neutral Stimulus (CS)

A

Stimulus that would not normally trigger a natural response in the subject.

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15
Q

Conditioned Response (CR)

A

A “learned” response

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16
Q

Conditions for classical Conditioning:

A
  • CS must come before the US
  • The CS and US must occur in close time proximity to each other.
  • CS and US must be paired frequently.
  • CS needs to be distinct from other competing stimulus.
17
Q

Basic principles of Classical Conditioning:

A

Contiguity: closeness in time between pairing of CS and US.

Acquisition: the phase of pairing CS and US

Extinction: the gradual elimination of learned response that occurs when CS is no longer paired with US

Stimulus generalisation: process by which similar stimuli evoke similar response.

Stimulus discrimination: organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli.

Higher-order conditioning: occurs when CS is able to evoke CR on its own.

Spontaneous recovery: the tendency of a CR to reappear after being extinguished.

18
Q

Vicarious classical conditioning

A

Learning to respond emotional to a stimulus by observing another persons emotional reaction to the stimulus.

19
Q

Aversion

A

Associating a particular sensory with being sick and therefore avoiding it.

20
Q

Operant Conditioning-Skinner

A

Learning in which the consequences that follow some behaviour increase or decrease the likelihood of that behaviour occurring in the future.

21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Anything that when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again.

22
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Learning that occurs at a faster rate when the correct behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs.

23
Q

Two types of reinforcers

A

Primary reinforcer: unlearned reinforcers that satisfy an organisms basic need e.g food.

Secondary reinforcer: learned reinforcers that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with a particular primary reinforcer.

24
Q

Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning

A

Positive Reinforcement: when something pleasant is ADDED to a situation increasing the frequency of associated behaviour by PROVIDING A DESIRED OUTCOME.

Negative Reinforcement: the STRENGTHENING of a response because it is followed a REMOVAL of an AVERSIVE STIMULUS.

Punishment: the addition of an aversive stimulus or removal of a pleasant one in order to decrease behaviour.

25
Q

Types of Punishment

A

Positive Punishment: carried out when an aversive stimulus is administered. PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION.

Negative Punishment: behaviour is punished by removal of pleasurable things. PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL.

26
Q

Shaping

A

using rewards to guide an organism towards a desired behaviour.

27
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

Behaviours that can’t be taught to an organism. The organism will persist with certain instinctual behaviours.

28
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Fixed Ratio : requires a set number of correct responses to be made to obtain a reinforcer.
e.g getting paid according to the number of houses you’ve built.

Fixed Interval: occurs following the first response that takes place after a fixed interval of time.
e.g factory workers speed up production before payday.

Variable Ratio: the number of responses changes from one trail to another.
e.g slot machine for gambling

Variable Interval: provides reinforcement for the first correct response after varying period of time.
e.g calling an engaged phone number

29
Q

Observational Learning- Bandura

A

Learning occurs when an organism is watching or imitating behaviour.

30
Q

Elements of Observational Learning

A

Attention: to learn you need to pay attention to another person’s behaviour.

Retention: information needs to be stored into memory.

Reproduction: be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model.
Motivation: have the desire to perform the action.

31
Q

Cognitive Learning

A

Involves understanding and making use of information, involving rich higher mental processes.

32
Q

Two types of skills learned cognitively

A

Perceptual-motor skills: based on motor movements that are guided by perception

Intellectual skills: learn by associating one thing with the other, or by discriminating between things.

Psychology Intro (1 decks)

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