Learning Flashcards
what is learning
A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
what is generalisation
the conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented
what is spontaneous recovery
A conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again
what is Extinction
A conditioned response dies out
what is discrimination (with reference to conditioning)
the conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented
what is operant conditioning
Learning due to the consequences of behaviour
may include positive or negative reinforcement
what is law of effect
behaviours that are followed by rewards are usually repeated and those that are punished are not usually repeated
what is behaviour shaping
changing behaviour in small steps
what is reinforcement
A consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens a behaviour
this might be seen as a reward
what is punishment
A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it
what is positive reinforcement
a reward or pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour or action will be repeated
what is negative reinforcement
when and unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action has been made
this increases the likelihood of that behaviour or action being repeated
what is a phobia
A persistent and irrational fear of an object activity or situation
what is flooding treatment
A treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object activity or event until there is nothing feared anymore
what is systematic desensitisation treatment
A treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object activity or event
this uses the hierarchy of fears
what is aversion therapy
a treatment for addiction such as drug and alcohol dependency which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance
they are conditioned to dislike the thing theyre addicted to
what is token economy programmes
a reward you get such as food or water that the person/ animal needs in order to survive (primary reinforcer)
or a reward such as money or a token that the person/animal can exchange for a primary reinforcer (secondary reinforcer)
what is classical conditioning
A procedure during which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus
(learning by Association)
study on operant conditioning
to see if the emotional response Of fear could be conditioned in a person
a baby was sat with a lab rat in front of him and as the baby reached out to touch the rat a metal bar behind the baby was hit. this happened several times
when the rat was shown again the baby tried to get away even though there was no loud noise behind him
fear responses can be learnt by classical conditioning
