Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is “learning”?

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is “habituation”?

A

An organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is “associative learning”?

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is “conditioning”?

A

Process of learning associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is “classical conditioning”?

A

Learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is “operant conditioning”?

A

behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is “observational learning”?

A

To learn from others’ experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a “unconditioned response”? (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is “unconditioned stimulus”? (US)

A

A stimulus that unconditionally (naturally) triggers a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a “conditioned response”? (CR)

A

The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is “conditioned stimulus”? (CS)

A

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after an association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is acquisition?

A

In classical conditioning: when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering a conditioned response
In operant conditioning: the strengthening or reinforced response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is high-order conditioning? (Also known as second order conditioning)

A

When a conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second but often weaker conditioned stimulus (a light signaling the tone, which signals the food for the dog to salivate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is extinction?

A

The diminishing response when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an impending unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is generalization?

A

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

19
Q

What is respondent behavior?

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

20
Q

What is operant behavior?

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

21
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

22
Q

What is an operant chamber?

A

A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animals’ rate of bar pressing or key pecking

23
Q

What is shaping?

A

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

24
Q

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

25
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

26
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli; a stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

27
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli; a stimulus when removed after a response, strengthens the response

28
Q

What is a primary reinforcer?

A

An innately forcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

29
Q

What is a conditioned reinforcer?

A

A stimulus hat gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer

30
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

31
Q

What is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

A

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition o a response but kuh greater resistance to extinction than does continuous

32
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

33
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

34
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

A reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

35
Q

What is punishment?

A

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows

36
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

A mental representation of the layout of one’s environment

37
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

38
Q

What is insight?

A

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

39
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

40
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

41
Q

Observational learning is..

A

Learning by observing others; also called social learning

42
Q

Modeling is..

A

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

43
Q

Mirror neurons are..

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; may enable imitation and empathy

Psychology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions