Learning Flashcards
What is Classical Conditioning?
Learning process where neutral stimulus becomes associated with natural stimulus.
Discovered by Ivan Pavlov through experiments with dogs.
What is an Unconditioned Stimulus (US)?
Natural stimulus that automatically triggers response.
Example: Food smell.
What is an Unconditioned Response (UR)?
Natural, unlearned response to US.
Example: Salivation.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
Previously neutral stimulus that gains meaning.
Example: Bell sound.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
Response to CS.
Example: Salivation in response to bell.
What is Second-Order Conditioning?
Conditioning where a CS1 is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second CS.
What is Extinction in Classical Conditioning?
The decrease in response when the CS is presented without the US.
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
The reappearance of a CR after a pause following extinction.
Define Generalization in Classical Conditioning.
CR occurs to similar stimuli.
Example: Dog salivates to different bell sounds.
Define Discrimination in Classical Conditioning.
Learning to respond differently to similar stimuli.
Example: Dog only salivates to specific bell pitch.
What is the Law of Effect?
behaviours followed by satisfying consequences are likely to be repeated.
What are Operant Behaviors?
Voluntary actions affecting environment.
Example: Rat pressing lever for food.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Adding a stimulus to increase a behavior.
Example: Earning points for daily practice.
Fill in the blank: Positive Reinforcement involves adding a _______ to increase behavior.
stimulus.
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus to increase a behavior.
Example: Skipping a quiz for completing readings.
What is Positive Punishment?
Adding an undesirable stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Example: Student performs a theatrical production for phone ringing.
What is Negative Punishment?
Removing a stimulus to decrease a behavior.
Example: Taking away phone privileges for breaking curfew.
What is a Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule?
Reinforcement after fixed time period.
Example: Paycheck every two weeks.
What is a Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule?
Reinforcement after varying time periods.
Example: Pop quizzes.
What is a Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule?
Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses.
What is a Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule?
Reinforcement after a varying number of responses.
What is Intermittent Reinforcement?
Reinforcement delivered only some of the time.
What is Shaping?
Reinforcing successive approximations to gradually shape complex behaviors.
Example: Teaching a child to write their name.
What is Latent Learning?
Learning without obvious reinforcement.
