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Introduction to Psychology > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience

A

Learning

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2
Q

it is demonstrated by changes in behavior, but it is a mental process

A

Learning

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3
Q

According to cognitive psychologists, it is may be a mental change that may not be associated with changes in behavior.

A

Learning

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4
Q

It is a simple type of learning that exhibits by infants

A

Habituation

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5
Q

it is a decrese in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus

A

Habituation

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6
Q

Permits us to ignore things that have stopped providing new information

A

Habituation

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7
Q

developed the framework for learning called “Classical Conditioning”

A

Ivan Pavlov

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8
Q

Russian Physiologist

A

Ivan Pavlov

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9
Q

he won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his on digestion

A

Ivan Pavlov

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10
Q

It is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response

A

Classical Conditioning

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11
Q

A simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to anticipate events

A

Classical Conditioning

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12
Q

Components in Classical Conditioning

A

Before Stimulus
- Neutral Stimulus
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
- Unconditioned Response (UCR)
After Conditioning
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- Conditioned Response (CR)

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13
Q

It is a simple automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli

A

Reflex

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14
Q

an environmental condition that evokes a response from an organism

A

Stimulus

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15
Q

Pavlov discovered that reflexes can also be learned through _____

A

Association

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16
Q

These are learned reflexes

A

Conditioned Responses (CR)

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17
Q

the process by which a CS lose the ability to elicit CRs because the CS is no longer paired with the US

A

Extinction

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18
Q

Basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears

A

Extinction

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19
Q

The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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20
Q

Recovery of a CR after extinction. A function of the passage of time

A

Spontaneous Recovery

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21
Q

___ and ___ help us adapt by updating our expectations about the changing environment

A

Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery

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22
Q

the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

A

Generalization

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23
Q

organisms must learn that:

Many stimuli perceived as being similar are functionally different.

The organism must respond adaptively to each

A

Discrimination

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24
Q

a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response

A

Stimulus Generalization

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25
Q

the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not

the ability to differentiate between stimuli

A

Stimulus Discrimination

26
Q

In Higher Order Conditioning a previously neutral stimulus comes to serve as a learned or CS after being paired repeatedly with a stimulus that has already become learned

A

Higher Order Conditioning

27
Q

A pleasant stimulus is repeatedly paired with a fear-evoking object, thereby conteracting the fear response

A

Counterconditioning

28
Q

the client is exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus until the fear response is extinguished

A

Flooding

29
Q

______ is usually effective but unpleasant

A

Flooding

30
Q

the client is gradually exposed to fear-evoking stimuli under circumstances in which they remain relaxed

A

Systematic Desensitization

31
Q

A response is strengthened in a particular situation by a reward (stamped in)

A

The Law of Effect

32
Q

The Law of Effect

A

Edward L. Thorndike

33
Q

Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

34
Q

Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated

A

Law of Effect

35
Q

used to study operant conditioning.

laboratory rats learn to press the lever in order to obtain food, which is delivered in the tray

A

Skinner Box

36
Q

Historical Contributions

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

37
Q

Any stimulus which increases the probability that responses preceding it will be repeated serves as a ____

A

Reinforcer

38
Q

Increase the probability of a behavior will occur when applied

A

Positive Reinforcers

39
Q

Increase the probability of a behavior when removed

A

Negative Reinforcers

40
Q

are effective because of an organism’s biological makeup

A

Primary Reinforcers

41
Q

acquire their value through being associated with established reinforcers. Sometimes called conditioned reinforcers

A

Secondary Reinforcers

42
Q

occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

A

Extinction

43
Q

occurs in operant conditioning. The reward returns and the behavior increases

A

Spontaneous Recovery

44
Q

known by their effects

A

Reinforcers

45
Q

are known by how they feel

A

Rewards and Punishment

46
Q

occurs as a result of repeated performance of operant behavior without reinforcement in Operant Conditioning

A

Extinction

47
Q

occurs in operant conditioning. The reward returns and the behavior increases in Operant Conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

48
Q

A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again

A

Punishment

49
Q

Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior

A

Schedules of Reinforcement

50
Q

A schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs

A

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

51
Q

Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time

A

Partial (or intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

52
Q

a schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made

A

Fixed-ratio Schedule

53
Q

a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number

A

Variable-ratio schedule

54
Q

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed

A

Fixed-interval Schedule

55
Q

A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed

A

Variable-interval Schedule

56
Q

the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

A

Shaping

57
Q

a technique whose goal is to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors and decrease the incidence of unwanted ones

A

Behavior modification

58
Q

an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning

A

Cognitive Learning Theory

59
Q

Learning un which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it

A

Latent Learning

60
Q

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model

A

Observational Learning

Introduction to Psychology (3 decks)

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