Learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Question 2

associative learning

Answer 2

earning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence
An aquarium seal will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss it a herring.

Question 3

stimulus

Answer 3

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 4

respondent behavior

Question 5

operant behaviors

Question 6

classical conditioning

Answer 6

learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events

Question 7

operant conditioning

Answer 7

learn to associate a response and its consequence

Question 8

Cognitive learning

Answer 8

acquire mental information that guides our behavior

Question 9

observational learning

Answer 9

one form of cognitive learning, lets us learn from others’ experiences. Chimpanzees, for example, sometimes learn behaviors merely by watching other chimpanzees perform them. If one animal sees another solve a puzzle and gain a food reward, the observer may perform the trick more quickly.

Question 10

classical conditioning

Question 11

behaviorism

Question 12

Pavlovs experiments

Question 13

neutral stimuli (NS)

Question 14

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 15

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 16

conditioned response (CR)

Question 17

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 18

Acquisition

Question 19

higher-order conditioning

Question 20

extinction

Question 21

spontaneous recovery

Question 22

generalization

Question 23

discrimination

Question 24

Pavlov’s legacy

Question 25

drug cravings

Answer 25

Classical conditioning may inform treatments for substance use disorder. Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug-using context, because their brain has become conditioned to associate that context with a drug’s reward Breaking this association can reduce cravings

Question 26

food cravings

Answer 26

Classical conditioning makes dieting difficult. Sugary substances evoke sweet sensations. Researchers have conditioned healthy volunteers to experience cravings after only one instance of eating a sweet food

Question 27

immune responses

Answer 27

Classical conditioning even works on the body’s disease-fighting immune system. When a particular taste accompanies a drug that influences immune responses, the taste by itself may come to produce an immune response