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Psychology 2 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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0
Q

Who founded the idea of classical conditioning?

A

Ivan Pavlov

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1
Q

What are the behavioral theories of learning?

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

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2
Q

What type of learning is associated with classical conditioning?

A

Involuntary learning (no new behaviors only new stimuli)

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3
Q

What is extinction?

A

To get rid of a learned bad habit forever

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4
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

After extinction, reaction (habit) returns.

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5
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

A stimulus with very similar qualities to the first as produces the same reaction.

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6
Q

What is emotional learning?

A

Associating a feeling with a result.

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7
Q

What is vicarious classical conditioning?

A

Emotional response while watching someone else experiencing something.

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8
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Behavior is a function of its consequences.

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9
Q

Who promoted the major study of operant conditioning?

A

B. F. Skinner

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10
Q

What is positive reenforcement?

A

Maintains or increases the frequency of the behavior it follows ( rat bar and food pellet)

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11
Q

When should you apply positive reenforcement?

A

You should deliver reenforcement ASAP following the behavior.

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12
Q

What is continuous reenforcement and when should you use it?

A

When developing a new behavior, use positive reenforcement every time.

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13
Q

What is satiation?

A

To be satisfied with.

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14
Q

What is intermittent reenforcement and how resistant is it to extinction?

A

Every so often- very resistant

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15
Q

What are the two types of ratio schedules?

A

Fixed- high response rate with pauses

Variable- high response rate with no pauses. Slow and steady study rate.

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16
Q

What is a primary reenforcer? Is it inate?

A

Biological needs- food, water, etc.- born with these

17
Q

What is a secondary reenforcer? Is it inate?

A

Learned needs associated with primary reenforcer (money and grades)

18
Q

When would you use negative reenforcement?

A

To INCREASE a behavior to get rid of something you DON’T want

19
Q

When is punishment effective? How long will it work?

A

To decrease a behavior because subject fears punishment, however oftentimes it only temporarily suppresses it

20
Q

What are the downsides to severe punishment?

A
  • creates fear
  • creates anger
  • avoidance/escape behavior
21
Q

What are the two types of punishment?

A
  • presentation of averse stimuli

- removal of positive reenforcement (best way to minimize neg side effects)

22
Q

What are the three types of memory and how long do they last?

A

SENSORY- (1-3 seconds), selective attention.

SHORT TERM- (15-30 seconds) called the working memory. It will fade away unless you use maintenance rehearsal (constant repetition) - not developed until 7 yr- then it will stay as long as you want

LONG TERM- lasts a lifetime, can store thing indefinitely because of SYNAPSES

23
Q

How do you put things into long term storage?

A

Elaborative rehearsal

24
Q

How effective is route repetition?

A

NOT VERY

25
Q

What does the hippocampus play in memory storage?

A

It doesn’t store anything but it sorts. Consolidates memories.

26
Q

What is the cereal position effect?

A

We tend to remember the first and last things we see the best. Very common.

27
Q

How much info is forgotten over 20mins? 1hr? 1 day?

A

40% in 20mins
5o% in one hour
75% in a day

28
Q

What are three good study habits?

A

Review in intervals
Use elaborative rehearsal
Study the night before

29
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

We never moved information to long term storage.

30
Q

What is decay failure?

A

Memories aren’t used and fade away (ocean and stick line)

31
Q

How do you “forget” long term memory?

A

Retrieval issues- can’t find the info needed (need a cue)

Interference- similar things get confused in your mind

32
Q

What are the two types of interference?

A

Retroactive- something your learn now interferes with retrieval of old info

Proactive- something in the past interferes with something you’re learning now

33
Q

What are four ways to improve memory?

A

Overlearning- reenforce what you have

Spaced practice- recap frequently over time

Elaborative rehearsal- make connections

Mnemonics- learning strategies. (Peg word/ key word)

34
Q

Intelligence is….?

A

What we measure it to be.

35
Q

Who invented the first successful IQ test?

A

Binet and Simon in 1905

36
Q

IQ measures?

A

Scholastic aptitude-

  1. Verbal ability
  2. Spacial ability
  3. Quantitative skills
  4. Memory
37
Q

What are the three key points of a good test?

A

Reliability (consistency in text results)

validity (does the text measure what it is supposed to measure)

standardization (standard procedures/ norm group)

38
Q

What are three misconceptions the general public holds about IQ tests?

A
  1. IQ tests measure a persons total inate ability to learn.
  2. They are not 100% reliable.
  3. Scores CAN change over time
39
Q

How stable is a persons IQ over time?

A

1-6 very unstable
6-66 stable
After 66- IQ drops

40
Q

What is an advantage of IQ tests?

A

IQ tests provide a measure for a persons ability to compete in society in ways that have economic and social consequences.

41
Q

IQ test bias?

A

Text questions may be “culturally loaded”-like an inside joke

Psychology 2 (1 decks)

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