Learning Flashcards
Who founded the idea of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What are the behavioral theories of learning?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning
What type of learning is associated with classical conditioning?
Involuntary learning (no new behaviors only new stimuli)
What is extinction?
To get rid of a learned bad habit forever
What is spontaneous recovery?
After extinction, reaction (habit) returns.
What is stimulus generalization?
A stimulus with very similar qualities to the first as produces the same reaction.
What is emotional learning?
Associating a feeling with a result.
What is vicarious classical conditioning?
Emotional response while watching someone else experiencing something.
What is operant conditioning?
Behavior is a function of its consequences.
Who promoted the major study of operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
What is positive reenforcement?
Maintains or increases the frequency of the behavior it follows ( rat bar and food pellet)
When should you apply positive reenforcement?
You should deliver reenforcement ASAP following the behavior.
What is continuous reenforcement and when should you use it?
When developing a new behavior, use positive reenforcement every time.
What is satiation?
To be satisfied with.
What is intermittent reenforcement and how resistant is it to extinction?
Every so often- very resistant
What are the two types of ratio schedules?
Fixed- high response rate with pauses
Variable- high response rate with no pauses. Slow and steady study rate.
What is a primary reenforcer? Is it inate?
Biological needs- food, water, etc.- born with these
What is a secondary reenforcer? Is it inate?
Learned needs associated with primary reenforcer (money and grades)
When would you use negative reenforcement?
To INCREASE a behavior to get rid of something you DON’T want
When is punishment effective? How long will it work?
To decrease a behavior because subject fears punishment, however oftentimes it only temporarily suppresses it
What are the downsides to severe punishment?
- creates fear
- creates anger
- avoidance/escape behavior
What are the two types of punishment?
- presentation of averse stimuli
- removal of positive reenforcement (best way to minimize neg side effects)
What are the three types of memory and how long do they last?
SENSORY- (1-3 seconds), selective attention.
SHORT TERM- (15-30 seconds) called the working memory. It will fade away unless you use maintenance rehearsal (constant repetition) - not developed until 7 yr- then it will stay as long as you want
LONG TERM- lasts a lifetime, can store thing indefinitely because of SYNAPSES
How do you put things into long term storage?
Elaborative rehearsal
