learning Flashcards
what is meant by developmental change
an example of an innate behaviour which occurs anyway it is not an example of learning
what is an innate behaviour
a genetic component which is hardwired in all individuals so all individuals can perform the behaviour successfully in the same way
give an example of an innate behaviour
on hatching, goslings follow the first large moving object they see which is usually their mother
what are the three modes of learning
1) single stimulus (non-associative )
2) stimulus-stimulus (associative)
3) response reinforcement (associative)
what results from single stimulus learning
1) habituation
2) sensitization
what is the difference between habituation and sensitization
habituated = when something becomes accustomed or used to something
sensitization= the quality or condition of responding to certain stimuli in a sensitive manner
what is the difference between appetitive stimuli and aversive stimuli
results from stimulus-stimulus learning
app= a positive or rewarding stimuli
aver= a negative or punishing stimuli
what must occur between the two stimuli in stimulus stimulus learning
contiguity = the two stimuli must be close together allowing the formation of an association
how does single stimulus learning occur
there is no signal or cue simply once action which causes a response
how does stimulus- stimulus learning occur
a warning or cue occurs BEFORE the behaviour e.g. pavlovian or classical conditioning
how does responce reinforce learning occur
a reward or punishment occurs AFTER the behaviour e.g. operant learning or instrumental learning
what are the two ways animals learn from each other
1) social cues
2) evolved signals
what are two examples of social cues which help animals learn from each other
1) social facilitation
2) local enhancement
what is social facilitation
a form of social cue in which the presence or activity of another animal serves to increase motivation or activity level
e.g. one individual performs better when others are around
what is local enhancement
in which one or more individual engaging in some behaviour with an object draws attention or another individual to that location
