Learning

Question 0

Charles Osgood and Percy Tannenbaum

Answer 0

Congruity theory - what drives people is a desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas or behaviours

Question 1

Fritz Heider

Answer 1

Balance theory - what drives people is a desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas or behaviours

Question 2

Leon Festinger

Answer 2

Cognitive dissonance theory - what drives people is a desire to be balanced with respect to their feelings, ideas or behaviours

Question 3

Kurt Levin

Answer 3

theory of association - grouping things together because they occur together in time and space (precursor to Pavlov)

Question 4

Learning

Answer 4

The relatively permanent or stable change in behaviour as a result of experience

Question 5

E.L.Thorndike

Answer 5

Law of effect (cat in the box with string)Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn’t bring reward. Cause and effect chain of behaviour revolving around reinforcement

Question 6

Clark Hull

Answer 6

Performance = drive x habit

Question 7

Edward Tolman & Victor Vrum (applied theory in large organizations)

Answer 7

Performance = expectation x value.

Question 8

Henry Murray & David McClelland

Answer 8

People are motivated by a need for achievement (nAch). The goal is to feel successful

Question 9

John Atkinson

Answer 9

Suggested a theory of motivation - people who set realistic goals with intermediate risk feel pride with accomplishment, and want to succeed more than they fear failure

Question 10

Neil Miller

Answer 10

Approach-avoidance conflict. Conflict refers to the state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons. Typically, the further one is from a goal, the more one focuses on the pros and vice versa.

Question 11

Hedonism

Answer 11

Individuals are motivated solely by what brings most pleasure and the least pain.

Question 12

Premack principle

Answer 12

People are motivated to do what they don’t want by rewarding themselves afterward with something they like

Question 13

Donald Hebb

Answer 13

Arousal and performance

Question 14

Yerkes-Dodson effect

Answer 14

Optimal arousal, close to ends, but never extremes.

Question 15

Response learning

Answer 15

One learns what to do in response to particular triggers

Question 16

Perceptual or Concept learning (e.g. Tolman)

Answer 16

Learning about something in general, and not learning-specific stimulus-response chains. Animals form cognitive maps of mazes rather than simple escape routes

Question 17

Autonomic Conditioning

Answer 17

Refers to evoking responses of the autonomic nervous system through training

Question 18

Chaining

Answer 18

Act of linking together a series of behaviours that ultimately result in reinforcement. One behaviour triggers the next and so on

Question 19

Preparedness - John Garcia (aversion)

Answer 19

Animals are programmed through evolution to make certain connections. Certain associations are learned more easily = preparedness. Nausea and bad food.

Question 20

M.E.Olds

Answer 20

Evidence against drive-reduction theory. Stimulation of direct pleasure centers in the brain as positive reinforcement.

Question 21

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 21

Learning curve:

x-axis = number of attempts at learning
y-axis = performance 

You have positive and negative acceleration (going up or going down)

Question 22

Thorndike

Answer 22

…is credited with writing the first educational psychology textbook in 1903. He developed various methods to assess student’s skills and teaching effectiveness

Question 23

Aptitude

Answer 23

A set of characteristics that are indicative of a person’s ability to learn

Question 24

Cooperative learning

Answer 24

students working on a project together in small groups

Question 25

Scaffolding learning

Answer 25

Teacher encourages the students to learn independently and only provides assistance with topics or concepts that are beyond the student’s capability