Learning Flashcards
Recall
you retrieve the information from your memory (fill in the blank or essay tests)
recognition
you identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice tests)
tip of the tongue
if the retrieval process does not produce a complete response but produces parts that must be constructed into a whole
memory process
encoding –> storage –> retrieval
automatic processing
some information slips into LTM via a back door
working memory
active processesing that occurs in the STM stage
storage memory
sensory memory
iconic memory
momentary sensory memory, visual stimulus
echoic memory
sensory memory: momentary sensory memory, audio stimulus
ebbinghaus
spacing effect
explicit memories
episodic memory, semantic memory, hippocampus
implicit memories
conditioned memories, procedural memories, cerebellum
flashbulb memory
a clear moment of emotional significant
long term potentiation
long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously
ways we encode
visual, acoustic, semantic
the pollyana principle
mood affects memory
alfred adler
psychoanalysis: the present determines the past; fighting with someone
why encoding failure
we don’t notice things because it is not something we need to survive
decay theory
we forget over time
motivated forgetting
psychoanalysis: we want to forget awful things
infantile amnesia
we can’t remember things as babies
source amnesia
misattribution: retain the memory but not the context
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
Milner test
has anterograde amnesia: had him trace stars using mirrors. this showed that his motor memories are intact: he learned with no conscious memory
retrograde amnesia
inability to remember old memories; common of concussion
consolidation
the process by which ST memories are changed to LTM
retrieval cues
how we retrieve memories: anchor points
mood congruence
a memory process that seleciley retrieves memories that match one’s mood
proecural memory
memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
memory consolidation
tyhe porcess by which a temporary labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form
planted false memory
those of places or events that never happed
false memory (misinformation effect)
a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur
divergent thinker
thinks of all possible ways to reach a solution
convergent thinker
thinks for a fianl solution
Robert Sternberg’s 5 components
expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality intrinsic motivation, a creative environent
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; activates the right temporal cortex
algorithms
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that garuntees solving a particular problem
heuristics
a rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
mental set
tendency to approach a problem in a particular way - problem of heuristic
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions - problem with heuristics
belief bias
the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
belief perseverance
clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on whcih they were formed has been discredited
framing
the way a probelm is presented can drastically effect the way we view it
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Language shapes our reality; people who speak different languages have different world views
Babbling Stage
begins at 4 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds; babbling is not imitation of aduly speech
one-word state
beginning at around 1 year, a child starts to speak one-word and makes family adults understand
two word stage
before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in two-word sentences
longer phraes
after telegraphic (two word) speech children start uttering longer phrases
