Learning

Question 1

Recall

Answer 1

you retrieve the information from your memory (fill in the blank or essay tests)

Question 2

recognition

Answer 2

you identify the target from possible targets (multiple choice tests)

Question 3

tip of the tongue

Answer 3

if the retrieval process does not produce a complete response but produces parts that must be constructed into a whole

Question 4

memory process

Answer 4

encoding –> storage –> retrieval

Question 5

automatic processing

Answer 5

some information slips into LTM via a back door

Question 6

working memory

Answer 6

active processesing that occurs in the STM stage

Question 7

storage memory

Answer 7

sensory memory

Question 8

iconic memory

Answer 8

momentary sensory memory, visual stimulus

Question 9

echoic memory

Answer 9

sensory memory: momentary sensory memory, audio stimulus

Question 10

ebbinghaus

Answer 10

spacing effect

Question 11

explicit memories

Answer 11

episodic memory, semantic memory, hippocampus

Question 12

implicit memories

Answer 12

conditioned memories, procedural memories, cerebellum

Question 13

flashbulb memory

Answer 13

a clear moment of emotional significant

Question 14

long term potentiation

Answer 14

long lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously

Question 15

ways we encode

Answer 15

visual, acoustic, semantic

Question 16

the pollyana principle

Answer 16

mood affects memory

Question 17

alfred adler

Answer 17

psychoanalysis: the present determines the past; fighting with someone

Question 18

why encoding failure

Answer 18

we don’t notice things because it is not something we need to survive

Question 19

decay theory

Answer 19

we forget over time

Question 20

motivated forgetting

Answer 20

psychoanalysis: we want to forget awful things

Question 21

infantile amnesia

Answer 21

we can’t remember things as babies

Question 22

source amnesia

Answer 22

misattribution: retain the memory but not the context

Question 23

anterograde amnesia

Answer 23

inability to form new memories

Question 24

Milner test

Answer 24

has anterograde amnesia: had him trace stars using mirrors. this showed that his motor memories are intact: he learned with no conscious memory

Question 25

retrograde amnesia

Answer 25

inability to remember old memories; common of concussion

Question 26

consolidation

Answer 26

the process by which ST memories are changed to LTM

Question 27

retrieval cues

Answer 27

how we retrieve memories: anchor points

Question 28

mood congruence

Answer 28

a memory process that seleciley retrieves memories that match one’s mood

Question 29

proecural memory

Answer 29

memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Question 30

memory consolidation

Answer 30

tyhe porcess by which a temporary labile memory is transformed into a more stable, long-lasting form

Question 31

planted false memory

Answer 31

those of places or events that never happed

Question 32

false memory (misinformation effect)

Answer 32

a distorted or fabricated recollection of something that did not actually occur

Question 33

divergent thinker

Answer 33

thinks of all possible ways to reach a solution

Question 34

convergent thinker

Answer 34

thinks for a fianl solution

Question 35

Robert Sternberg’s 5 components

Answer 35

expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality intrinsic motivation, a creative environent

Question 36

insight

Answer 36

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; activates the right temporal cortex

Question 37

algorithms

Answer 37

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that garuntees solving a particular problem

Question 38

heuristics

Answer 38

a rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Question 39

mental set

Answer 39

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way - problem of heuristic

Question 40

functional fixedness

Answer 40

the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions - problem with heuristics

Question 41

belief bias

Answer 41

the tendency for one’s preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning

Question 42

belief perseverance

Answer 42

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on whcih they were formed has been discredited

Question 43

framing

Answer 43

the way a probelm is presented can drastically effect the way we view it

Question 44

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 44

Language shapes our reality; people who speak different languages have different world views

Question 45

Babbling Stage

Answer 45

begins at 4 months the infant spontaneously utters various sounds; babbling is not imitation of aduly speech

Question 46

one-word state

Answer 46

beginning at around 1 year, a child starts to speak one-word and makes family adults understand

Question 47

two word stage

Answer 47

before the 2nd year a child starts to speak in two-word sentences

Question 48

longer phraes

Answer 48

after telegraphic (two word) speech children start uttering longer phrases