Learning

Question 1

An unlearnt behaviour is…

Answer 1

Innate

Question 2

Reflexes are not…

Answer 2

Learnt behaviours

Question 3

Simple Learning types are…

Answer 3

Habituation, Adaptation

Question 4

Complex Learning types are…

Answer 4

Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, Observational learning

Question 5

Pavlov’s Dog experiment is…

Answer 5

Classical Conditioning

Question 6

What is ‘Extinction’ in Classical conditioning?

Answer 6

Where the conditioned stimulus is eliminated

Question 7

What is ‘spontaneous recovery’ in Classical conditioning?

Answer 7

Where the extinction has not fully erased the conditioned response and the conditioned response is elicited from the stimuli.

Question 8

What is stimulus generalisation in Classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Where a range of stimuli can trigger the conditioned response

Question 9

What is stimulus discrimination in Classical conditioning?

Answer 9

Only learning a conditioned response to a specific stimulus.

Question 10

Why was the little Albert experiment unethical?

Answer 10

Created fear and distress in an infant, risk of physical harm, used everyday objects as conditioned stimulus, did not eliminate the fear after conditioning the response.

Question 11

CS

Answer 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 12

UCS

Answer 12

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 13

CR

Answer 13

Conditioned Response

Question 14

UCR

Answer 14

Unconditioned Response

Question 15

What is ‘Thorndike’s Law of Effect’?

Answer 15

A behaviour is either strengthened or weakened depending on consequences of behaviour

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

B.S. Skinner created operant learning based on Thorndike’s Law of effect. Suggests that learning is based on voluntary and spontaneous behaviours rather than involuntary (Classical conditioning) and create outcomes such as ‘rewards or positive reinforcement’.

Question 17

Primary reinforcers

Answer 17

Require little if any learning through association (i.e. food, water, avoidance of pain, etc)

Question 18

Secondary reinforcer (conditioned)

Answer 18

much more specific and require pairing with stimulus, generally through classical conditioning (money, praise, social approval, validation, etc)

Question 19

Positive reinforcer

Answer 19

Pleasant stimulus after a particular behaviour (playing video games, treat (chocolate, lollies), toy, etc)

Question 20

Negative Reinforcer

Answer 20

unpleasant stimulus removed from environment (not doing dishes, no pain, no chores, etc)

Question 21

Fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 21

response is reinforced after specific period of time of doing behaviour (payed per hour)

Question 22

Variable interval schedule of reinforcement

Answer 22

response is reinforced at different unknown periods of time (catching a fish)

Question 23

Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

Answer 23

After a specific number of behaviours (buy 7 coffees get 8th free)

Question 24

What is observational Learning?

Answer 24

It is defined through learning through observing the reinforcement of others.

Question 25

Social Learning Theory

Answer 25

Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation-reinforcement

Question 26

What is learned helplessness?

Answer 26

Learning which can be responding due to a lack of regularity or relationship between responses, reinforcers and punishers.

Question 27

Learned Helplessness Theory

Answer 27

Where 3 deficits are the outcome from the learned helplessness

Question 28

A cognitive deficit

Answer 28

A belief that the outcomes are uncontrollable

Question 29

A motivational deficit

Answer 29

A reduced desire to try and control the outcomes

Question 30

An emotional deficit

Answer 30

If the outcomes are painful or aversive, fear, and eventually depression can occur

Question 31

Alternative, revised theory of learned helplessness

Answer 31

The Internal-External dimension, the stable-unstable dimension and the global-specific dimension

Question 32

Systematic desensitisation

Answer 32

Used to overcome a fear over a specific stimulus (person is placed in an anxiety inducing situation or deal with the real life situation and gradual pace of anxiety until anxiety is diminished. “Counter-conditioning’

Question 33

Aversion Therapy

Answer 33

Technique used to break bad habits, involves process of pairing of stimuli. Unpleasant stimuli paired with the bad habit, repetition of this process aims to result in extinction of the bad habit. Uses the classical conditioning theory, of techniques which inhibit the maladaptive behaviour by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus.

Question 34

Behaviour modification

Answer 34

Based on operant conditioning, change maladaptive behaviours by controlling the consequences of those certain behaviours. Behaviour modification makes use of positive reinforcement (rewards for appropriate behaviour) and punishment (negative consequences for maladaptive behaviour)

Question 35

Behavioural Shaping

Answer 35

Social reinforcers, material reinforcers, preferred activities. (constantly rewarded for a job well done)