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What does the large intestine absorb
Water and electrolytes
What are vitamins produced by in the large intestine
they are produced by bacteria
What does the large intestine hold
Faeces which manufactures vitamins
What does the liver produce
Bile
What does the liver store
Glucose as glycogen, iron, and vitamins
Does the liver detoxify and what with
Yes with H2O2
What are the livers non- digestive functions
Kills red blood cells, breaks down amino acids
What is the stomach connected to ?
The esophagus and the duodenum
How many layers of muscles does the stomach have
3 layers
What always for stretching in the stomach
Rugae (folds)
What are Gastric pits
Pits in the stomach that produce pepsin, HCl and Mucous
What is the pH of the stomach
Around 2 (it is acidic)
Where is the cardiac sphincter
Above the stomach
Where is the phloric sphincter
Below the stomach
What does pepsin do
Breaks down protein
Where do digestive fluids work
In the small intestine
What are digestive fluids and where do they work
Bile, pancreatic enzymes, buffer, and intestinal enzymes. They work in the small intestine
Where does nutrient absorption happen
90% happens in the small intestine
Where is chyme released
Drip by drip into the duodenum (top of small intestine)
What is the goal of the small intestine
Break food into monomers and absorb nutrients
Does the pancreas neutralize stomach acid
yes with, NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)
what are the enzymes produced in the pancreas
Pancreatic amylase, Trypsin,Lipase, Nuclease
What hormone does the pancreas produce
Insulin, Glucagon
When blood sugar is low what does the pancreas produce
Glucagon is released
When blood sugar is high what does the pancreas produce
It releases Insulin
What happens when no glucose or glycogen is available
Amino acids are turned into glucose
What is the Duodenum
Top of small intestine
where does chyme go drip by drip
the Duodenum
Where does bile from the liver end up
the duodenum
Where does nutrient absorption happen
In the small intestine
What helps the small intestine with nutrient absorption
surface area
What increases the surface are of the small intestine
Length, inner folds, villi, micro villi
What are fats in the small intestine absorbed by
Lacteals which are within the villi
what is the hepatic vein
Takes blood nutrients from the small intestine to the liver
What does the liver remover from the blood
The liver removes toxins from the blood
What happens once blood is detoxified in the liver
The blood enters general circulation via the hepatic vein
what is the purpose of the GI tract
to digest and absorb nutrients through absorption
What are the 5 functions of the GI tract
Ingestion, digestion, nutrient absorption, excretion of waste products, the movement of water and enzymes
Where does physical digestion begin
In the mouth
What are used in the first stage of physical digestion
Your teeth and tongue
What is the bolus
It is food mixed with saliva
What is the enzyme that starts the initial breakdown of carbohydrates
Salivary amylase in the mouth
What enzyme does saliva contain
Salivary amylase
Where is the hard palate
Top of the mouth
Where is the soft palate and what does it do
The middle of the top of the mouth, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
What is the pharynx and what does it do
It is the back of the mouth, controls swallowing
What is the Epiglottis
It stops food from entering the trachea
What are the accessory organs
Salivary glands, liver,gallbladder,pancreas
What does the pancreas produce that effects the stomach
It produces sodium bicarbonate which helps to neutralize stomach acid
What hormones does the pancreas make
Insulin and glucagon
When is insulin produced by the pancreas
When blood sugar is high
What does the liver do with insulin when blood sugar is high
The liver takes it and turns glucose into glycogen and stores it
What does the pancreas produce when blood sugar is low
Glucagon
What does glucagon tell the liver to do
It tells the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose to increase sugar in the blood stream
Where is the appendix
Attached to the large intestine
What does the appendix store
Healthy gut bacteria
Where are Villi
They line the small intestine
What are inside villi
Lacteals and capillaries
What do lacteals do
They take in fat and eventually dump them into the blood through the subclavian vein
What do capillaries take in
The take in simple sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides
What is chyme
Undigested food which is partly liquid and partly solid
What is the enzyme produced in the mouth
Salivary amylase
What enzymes are produced in the stomach
Pepsin and HCL
What enzymes are produced in the pancreas
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin,lipase,nuclease and a buffer
What does the buffer do produced by the pancreas
Raises PH to 8.3
What does the liver produce
Bile salts that break down fat
What enzymes do the small intestine produce
Disaccharidases, and peptidases
What does the gallbladder do
Stores excess bile
What does bile do
Breaks down fatty acid
WHAT IS THE PH in the mouth
7
What is the PH in the stomach
1.5-3.5
What is the PH in the pancreas
7-8
