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1
Q

What does the large intestine absorb

A

Water and electrolytes

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2
Q

What are vitamins produced by in the large intestine

A

they are produced by bacteria

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3
Q

What does the large intestine hold

A

Faeces which manufactures vitamins

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4
Q

What does the liver produce

A

Bile

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5
Q

What does the liver store

A

Glucose as glycogen, iron, and vitamins

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6
Q

Does the liver detoxify and what with

A

Yes with H2O2

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7
Q

What are the livers non- digestive functions

A

Kills red blood cells, breaks down amino acids

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8
Q

What is the stomach connected to ?

A

The esophagus and the duodenum

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9
Q

How many layers of muscles does the stomach have

A

3 layers

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10
Q

What always for stretching in the stomach

A

Rugae (folds)

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11
Q

What are Gastric pits

A

Pits in the stomach that produce pepsin, HCl and Mucous

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12
Q

What is the pH of the stomach

A

Around 2 (it is acidic)

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13
Q

Where is the cardiac sphincter

A

Above the stomach

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14
Q

Where is the phloric sphincter

A

Below the stomach

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15
Q

What does pepsin do

A

Breaks down protein

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16
Q

Where do digestive fluids work

A

In the small intestine

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17
Q

What are digestive fluids and where do they work

A

Bile, pancreatic enzymes, buffer, and intestinal enzymes. They work in the small intestine

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18
Q

Where does nutrient absorption happen

A

90% happens in the small intestine

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19
Q

Where is chyme released

A

Drip by drip into the duodenum (top of small intestine)

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20
Q

What is the goal of the small intestine

A

Break food into monomers and absorb nutrients

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21
Q

Does the pancreas neutralize stomach acid

A

yes with, NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate)

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22
Q

what are the enzymes produced in the pancreas

A

Pancreatic amylase, Trypsin,Lipase, Nuclease

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23
Q

What hormone does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin, Glucagon

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24
Q

When blood sugar is low what does the pancreas produce

A

Glucagon is released

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25
When blood sugar is high what does the pancreas produce
It releases Insulin
26
What happens when no glucose or glycogen is available
Amino acids are turned into glucose
27
What is the Duodenum
Top of small intestine
28
where does chyme go drip by drip
the Duodenum
29
Where does bile from the liver end up
the duodenum
30
Where does nutrient absorption happen
In the small intestine
31
What helps the small intestine with nutrient absorption
surface area
32
What increases the surface are of the small intestine
Length, inner folds, villi, micro villi
33
What are fats in the small intestine absorbed by
Lacteals which are within the villi
34
what is the hepatic vein
Takes blood nutrients from the small intestine to the liver
35
What does the liver remover from the blood
The liver removes toxins from the blood
36
What happens once blood is detoxified in the liver
The blood enters general circulation via the hepatic vein
37
what is the purpose of the GI tract
to digest and absorb nutrients through absorption
38
What are the 5 functions of the GI tract
Ingestion, digestion, nutrient absorption, excretion of waste products, the movement of water and enzymes
39
Where does physical digestion begin
In the mouth
40
What are used in the first stage of physical digestion
Your teeth and tongue
41
What is the bolus
It is food mixed with saliva
42
What is the enzyme that starts the initial breakdown of carbohydrates
Salivary amylase in the mouth
43
What enzyme does saliva contain
Salivary amylase
44
Where is the hard palate
Top of the mouth
45
Where is the soft palate and what does it do
The middle of the top of the mouth, prevents food from entering the nasal cavity
46
What is the pharynx and what does it do
It is the back of the mouth, controls swallowing
47
What is the Epiglottis
It stops food from entering the trachea
48
What are the accessory organs
Salivary glands, liver,gallbladder,pancreas
49
What does the pancreas produce that effects the stomach
It produces sodium bicarbonate which helps to neutralize stomach acid
50
What hormones does the pancreas make
Insulin and glucagon
51
When is insulin produced by the pancreas
When blood sugar is high
52
What does the liver do with insulin when blood sugar is high
The liver takes it and turns glucose into glycogen and stores it
53
What does the pancreas produce when blood sugar is low
Glucagon
54
What does glucagon tell the liver to do
It tells the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose to increase sugar in the blood stream
55
Where is the appendix
Attached to the large intestine
56
What does the appendix store
Healthy gut bacteria
57
Where are Villi
They line the small intestine
58
What are inside villi
Lacteals and capillaries
59
What do lacteals do
They take in fat and eventually dump them into the blood through the subclavian vein
60
What do capillaries take in
The take in simple sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides
61
What is chyme
Undigested food which is partly liquid and partly solid
62
What is the enzyme produced in the mouth
Salivary amylase
63
What enzymes are produced in the stomach
Pepsin and HCL
64
What enzymes are produced in the pancreas
Pancreatic amylase, trypsin,lipase,nuclease and a buffer
65
What does the buffer do produced by the pancreas
Raises PH to 8.3
66
What does the liver produce
Bile salts that break down fat
67
What enzymes do the small intestine produce
Disaccharidases, and peptidases
68
What does the gallbladder do
Stores excess bile
69
What does bile do
Breaks down fatty acid
70
WHAT IS THE PH in the mouth
7
71
What is the PH in the stomach
1.5-3.5
72
What is the PH in the pancreas
7-8

Bio 12 (3 decks)

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