leap Flashcards
Homestead Act
An act that gave free land in the west to prospects, encouraged westward expansion
Gold Rush
When gold and other minerals were discovered in the west, caused a huge amount of migration to the west. Was a reason for westward expasion
Challenges
Lots of challenges made it hard for people to be in the west.
Exodusters and women
Black people that moved to the west, seeking racial freedom. Also, women had more rights in the west as well.
Railroads
The main transportation to and from the west at this time.
Jobs of the west
Ranchers, miners, cowboys
technology in the west
Technology in the west mehcaqnized farming. New inventions in the west included the reaper, windmill, telegraph
government attitude toward native americans
Thought they were savages, wanted to assimilate them into american culture
native american attittude towards government
Hostile, they had wars with americans as resistance against westward expansion and assimilation
UNIT 2 industrializaton
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Labor during the Gilded Age
Unfair, dangerous, child labor. Robber Barons refused to fix these because it would get in the way of money
Robber Barron
Owners of huge companies
Populism
A new political movement that sought to help those that had lower socio-economic status, especially farmers.
Political Goals of populism
Income Tax, Public services, the direct democratic election of US senators, Anti-Gold standard,
Political Machine
A local system of government. Political Machines were very corrupt by using methods such as Kickbacks, paybacks, bribery, and patronage
Bourbon Democrats
Promoters of Laissez-Faire capitalism
Laissez-Faire Capitalism
A form of captialism in which the government completely stays out of the economy
Capitalism vs Socialism
Capitalism- When the government is not involved in the economy
Socialism- When the government is involved in the economy
Republicans Vs. Populists
Populists teamed with Democrats and had an unfair & fierce election in 1896
Solutions
A lot of acts were passed during this time to combat problems.
What was the gilded AGe
the second industrial revolution (1890s) charactarized by extreme growth in economy and industrialization
Causes of industrialization
Bessemer Process (way of processing metal), Using more oil
Immigration
Push factors - famine, shortages, persecution. Pul factors- The promise for opportunity in the US
Xenophobia/Nativism
The hate of immigrants, especially prevalent during this time due to explosive immigration to the US
Life during Gilded Age
Very bad. Examples - Overcrowding, Pollution, Di9sease, Lack of freshwater, etc.
UNIT 3 progressivism
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What was progressivism
A movement that tried to solve problems pre3vealent during the Gilded AGe
Muckraker
Progressive journalists that exposed problems during this time.
Porgressive Issues
Food safety laws, working conditions, government corruption, monopolies, increased rights for minorities, child labor, increasecd voter rights, wanted the change from captialism to socialism, etc.
Temperance Movement
A movement that sought to ban alcohol
Direct Democracy
When people directly vote for a candidate from the plitical p[arty they’re registered for.
New democratic things
Referendums, recalls,. initiatives, etc. were ways people could participate in the government to stop corruption
Robert Lafolette
He made the Wisconsin Idea. It is that, when you are making laws, hire an expert to help you make them. Example- if you make laws on food safety, hire a food safety expert to help you make it
Federal Level Changes
- Sherman Anti-Trust Act stopped businesses from forming monopolies and teaming up
- SQUARE DEAL (included new acts relating to food safety, stopping monopolies, etc.)
- Creation of US foresty service and National Park Service
New Ammendments
16 - Gradual Income tax (to pay for government services)
17= Direct Election of senators (to ensure elections are fair)
18- Prohibits Alcohol
19- Gave women right to vote
21- Amendment passed later to undo 18th ammendment
UNIT 4 Imperialism
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What is imperialism
When a country takes land that is not theirs
Causes of imperialsim
Desire for military strength, industrialism, Social Darwinism, Social Paternalism, Previous overproduction of goods
Why did US want Hawaii
- Wanted Pearl harbor (because it was a refueling station for ships)
- Had a very good produce industry
- Wanted to get rid of the McKinley Tariff (Tax on goods imported from Hawaii)
How did the US take over hwaii
Queen Lili’uokalini was overthrown by american Businessmen
Causes of the Spanish American War
- Cubans Wanted independence from Spain
- Americans are interested in Cuba
- Sinking of the USS Maine
Sinnking of the USS Maine
It was entirely the Americans fault that the USS Maine (ship off the Cuba) sunk, but this was exaggerated by yellow journalists (journalists that make made up, sensationalist, or exaggerated news stories), and made everyone belive that Spain sunk an American Ship
How the battle went
Fighting was in Cuba and Philippines. Spain was defeated in the Phillippines when American army sunk Spanish ships. The treaty of Paris was signed, which oficially endeed the war.
Results of the Treaty of Paris
- Official end of the Spanish-American WAr
- Cuba became a colony of the US (but US would later give Cuba independence)
- Puerto Rico and Guam became US territories
- Philippines become US. Territory
Philippine-American War
Philippine resistance against America, since America promised Philippines independence after the Spanish American war, but the US broke the promise and took the Philippines instead
Open Door Policy
The idea that major nations would have “Spheres of Influence” (Areas of Influence) in China, so that the US would not be left out of Chinese trade and so that one nation would not form a trade monopoly
Theodore Rossevelts idea on foreign policy
“Speak softly but carry a big stick”
Monroe Doctrine
If Europe tried to take over independent countries in the Western Hemisphere, the US would fight them. It was in order to secure business interests in the Western Hemisphere
Panama Canal
An effort that the US brought from France in order to dig the canal through panama. it indirectly resulted in the Us helping Panamanians win a war. Also was done to secure business interests in the western hemisphere
Dollar Diplomacy
When the US would keep foreign governments stable to maintain business interests. it was done by the US tgiving loans to other countries, and in return the US would have some degree of control over those countries. It was not succesful in the end and was a huge embarassment for the US.
Rossevelt Corollary
Law stating that the US had the right to protect foreign business interests and to use money as leverage.
UNIT 5 world war 1
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Allies and Enemies during WW1
Allies- US, France, UK, Russia
Enemies- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, Greece, Ottoman Empire
All other countries were neutral
Causes of WW1
Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand,
Otto von Bismarck
Prime Minister of Germany who first allied Germany with Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia
kaiser wilhelm
Emproer of Germany who kicked Russia out of the Alliance. So, Russia allied with France and UK instead.
Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina
Serbia at the time was trying to form an empire in Europe. To stop this, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina
Why was Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Assassinated
Was murdred by Serbian terrorists as revenge for Austria-Hungary annexing Bosnia-Herzegovina, and it was also done to remove an obstacle preventing Serbia from forming an empire
How did the assassination lead to war
Serbia was presented with an ultimatum after they were blamed for the assassination. Serbia did not agree to all the terms, so war was started.
New technology during the war
Trench Warfare, poision gas, tanks, submarines, airplanes
Why Russia was having a hard time
Russia’s resources were cut off, so the only things left that it had were its people and its pride. In the end, this did not work.
Why the US finally decided to enter the war
- Germany sinking the American ship, the Lusitania
- The Zimmerman Telegraph (telegraph from Germany to Mexico saying that if Mexico allies with Germany during the war, then they will give mexico a part of the US)
total War
When everyone in a country is involved in the war. Examples include donating metal, rationing, victory gardening, etc.
black people in WW1
Great Migration- When black people migrated from south to north US to esscape racism and to work in industries
Bufallo soldiers- black soldiers in WW1
Tuskegee Airmen- black military pilots in WW1
Espionage Act , Sedition Act, Shcenk vs. US
Espionage ACt- Law that made it illegal to give enemies information about the war
Sedition act- Law that made it illegal to speak badly about or disrepect the US
Schenk vs. US- Supreme court case challenging the Sedition Act, saying that it went against the 1st ammendment
Why Russia surrendered
Russia’s Czar was overthrown by radical communists, they immediately surrendered, and so Russia left the war early.
Propaganda
Heavily Biased information with the intent of pursuading people
War Bond
Money Donated the the government to support the war effort, government would later repay you with interest
Wilson’s 14 points
A set of international rules passed by Woodrow Wilson to maintain peace after the war
What did the Treaty of Versailles do
End WW1
Germany after WW1
Germany was blamed for starting the war, so they were left in ruins by other countries., sonme examples were, they were forbidden to have am air force, forbiddent from joining the League of Nations, Germany had to surrender overseas colonies, etc.
UNIT 6: Great Depression
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Social and cultural changes after WW1
- Women were more respected after WW1
- Rise of Suffragists (people advocating for women’s right to vote)
- Louisiana got the right to women’s suffrage 21 years before the rest of the US did.
Bootleggers/Rum runners, speakeasies, moonshine
DURING THE 18TH AMMENDMENT:
Bootleggers/Rum Runners- people who illegally made and trapsorted alcohol
Speakeasies- secret, illegal bars
Moonshine- illegally made alcohol
Scopes Trial
When John Scopes sued Tenessee, because at the time, teaching evolution was illegal in Tenessee becaues it went against Fundmentallism, but he chose to teach it anyway.
Harlem Rennaisance
The result of black migration to the North. It was an explosion and popularization of black culture and new culture, such as jazz.
Lost Generation
Art movement made by people who migrated from US to Paris after WW1
New technology
RAdio(increase in instant communication, instant gratification, sports became popular, advertising)
Silent films
Automobiles and other vehicles (Ford was the one of the first companies to treat its workers fairly)
Refrigerators (preservign food required no effort)
Consumerism
Usage of goods that are wants, not needs
credit
With the rise of consumerism, credit was a method for paying for expensive things over time
Natural cause of Great flood of 1927
More snow and rain than usual was in the north. Tributaries also expanded.
Effects of the flood
- Economic activites such as shipping and timbering were stopped.
- Rise in populism &nationalism, as the federal government provided very little aid
- Flood control act of 1928 was passed
Carnaveron
A man-made levee break on the Mississippi river outside of New orleans to protect the city during the flood
Causes of the Great Depression
- Consumer debt from extreme amounts of consumerism and credit purchases
- agriculture prices dropping due to the Dust Bowl
- Stock Market crash
Why did everyone hate Herbert Hoover
he did nothing about the Great Depression, he was the president during the Great Depression
Hoovervilles
Tent cities of homeless people named after herbert Hoover
New Deal and Share Our Wealth
New Deal- Federal plan passed by Franklin Roosevelt to help the US get out of the Great Depression
Share OUr WEalth- plan proposed but never rpassed by Louisiana governor Huey P., Long, to help Louisiana get out of the Great Depression
differences between the 2 plans
Share our wealth- Limited personal balnces, taxes based on personal wealth, improved public education,gave miniumum wage, etc.
New Deal- Focused on the economy as a whole, kept people from losing money, stabalized ecnomony, flood control, tgave more authority to governmehnt
Both- Help poor people and limit rich people.
I’m sure you can spot the similarities between the 2.
FDR’s programs in the New Deal
FDIC- insurance for money put into a bacnk, protected against future bank failures
WPA- built public infrastructure
CCC- conserved America’s natural resources
AAA- restored healthy agriculture prices and practices
CWA- similar to WPA
SSA- provided pensions for eledrlyy Ameicans
Examples of corruption during the Long administration
- Huey P. Long took away money government worker’s paychecks
- Huey P. Long only gave government jobs to his loyalists
- “The Louisiana’s Progress” was a propaganda newspaper created by Long, and was paid for by the money stolen from worker’s paychecks
- Overcharged the government (AKA kickback) in order to get campaign funds
Impacts of Huey P. Long
- Shift towards Populist Government and Socialism
- Social programs and infrastructure improved
- Creation of Longism- which includes ideas of a strong governor, capitalism, and increased voter participation
- Creation of Anti-Longism due to government corruption. They believed in the opposites of Longites, including more balanced government branches, and were in favor of only rich white men voting.
Longites were populist, and anti-longites were anti-populist
Overall Political impact of the great depression
Government becomes more populist and socialist.
Dust Bowl
the worst US drought ever recorded. Happened during the Great Depression. Ruined the ground and crops all over.
Effects of Dust Bowl
Crop and soil failure, bankruptcy, health issues, unfair labor. People finally learned that the midwest was acutally not suitable for growing crops.
What FDR did
Made the CCC plant hundreds of millions of trees in the area
Creation of the SCS, which was a farmer’s assistance program.
Conserved resources
Half of the barren land was restored.
Bonus Army
When WW1 veterans marched in Washington DC because the federal government had not given them the veteran bonuses it had promised, especially since it was during the Great Depression.
Bonus Army Solution
After the Great Depression, veterans were given their bonuses. It resulted in the creation of the CCC to give bonuses to veterans.
UNIT 7: World War 2
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What is one cause of WW2?
The rise of totalitarian governments. totalitarian government has complete control of the people and country.
Who were the axis leaders
Josef Stalin- Russia
Benito Mussolini - Italy
Hirohito- Japan
Five Year Plan
Unsuccessful plan that tried to make Russia the #1 metal producer in the world.. Didn;t work because people focused a LITTLE too hard on metal making.
Great Purge & Holodomor
(ways Stalin made Russia fascist)
Great Purge- Russian terror campaign that kicked everyone out of Russia that did not support him.
Holodomor- famine in Ukraine in which Stalin starved everyone that didn’t support him.
Fascism Vs. Communism
Fascism- Emphasizes social classes, supported by middle class, wants their country’s power to spread
Communism- There is no private property, everything is shared, classes, supported by the working class, desire to spread communism
Both- Total dictatorship, no rights
How did Mussolini become the first fascist dicator
Mussolini was dissappointed that after WW1, italy gainied no territory. So, he made his first move by invading Rome and taking power.
Dawes Plan
When the US loaned money to Germany after WW1 when the treaty of Versailles stripped Germany of everything.
Hyperinflation
Germany didn’t pay the US back for the Dawes Plan, so the US printed so much money that it basically became worthless.
How did Hitler take over Germany
Hitler, just like the rest of germany, was dissatisfied with the condition it was in after WW1. So, Hitler made his move to take over Germany and promise that he would “make it so much better”.
Characteristics of Nazism
Anti-Semetic, extremely selfish, Social Darwinism, total dictatorship
Aryan race
Pure white people. Hitler marketed these people as the “superior race” that deserved Germany.
Immediate reforms of Nazism
Took Complete control of the economy, banned labor unions, mass produced vehicles, got rid of everything Jewish, broke every single rule that Germany was not allowed to do in the Treaty of Versailles, started Hitler’s Youth
Appeasement
When one country gives into another country’s requests to avoid conflict.
League of Nations’ role
AT the beginning of the war when the fascist contries were invading other countries, the League of Nations did nothing.
Munich Conference
Conference between Hitler and Czechoslovakia becaues Czechoslovakia REALLY did not want to be taken over by Germany. Ended up in only a small part of the country benig taken.
Non-Aggression Pact
Literally in the title. A non-agression pact between Russia and Germany becaues Russia was upset that it was not invited the the Munich conference. It also ended up in the 2 countries splitting Poland.
Why were 2 atomic bombs dropped on Japan
Japan’s extreme nationalism meant that it would never surrender no matter what, so the atomic bombs were the US’s last choice.
Neutrality Act and Lend-lease ACt
Neutrality Act- original law saying that the US would be neutral.
Lend-Lease ACt- modification to Neutrality act ssaying that US would be allowed to ship weapons to allies. this was its first involvement in the war.
Role of Women during WW2
- Women worked non-combat jobs in the military
- Women’s Army Corps
- total war effort
- women worked on military vehicles
Role of Black People during WW2
- served as soldiers and workers in hopes of equality
- WW2 revoked Jim Crow laws
- Tuskegee Airmen, worked in factories
Role of Propaganda during WW2
US used different mediums of propaganda to get the population on their side of the war, and to contribute to the total war effort
Louisiana’s role during WW2
- Louisiana Maneuvers- military school
- Agriculture industry due to victory gardens
- LA rationed food and resources
- HIGGINS BOATS (important)
Outcomes of WW2
- VJ day
- Allies went to war after WW2 except US
- Invention of Atomic Bomb
- Black people got equality in the military
- Term of US president was limited after FDR died during WW2 while he was in office
Executive order 9066
Law that took all Japanese Americans into internment camps out of fear
UNIT 7: Civil Rights
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What is Civil Rights
The rights individuals have to political, economic, and social equaltiy
Executive Order 8022
Law saying that war industries were not allowed to discriminate
Executive order 9981
Law that desegregated the military
Baton rouge Bus Boiycott
STORY:
1. Black people did not like how they were forced to sit on the back of a bus
2. T.J. Jemison started baton Rouge Bus boycott
3. Ordinance 222 was passed, which made the bus “first come first serve” instead of blacks sitting in the back
4. Bus drivers protested this new law, so it was eventually revoked
5. Black people boycotted again
6. Baton rouge Bus company was about to go bankrupt
7. ordinance 251 was passed, saying that everyone could sit wherever they want on the bus (the first 2 rows were still reserved for white people.)
Emmet Till
A 14 year old black boy that was lynched (hanged)
Montgomery Bus boytcott
A boycott very similar to Baton rouge Bus Boycott. Known most notably for rosa parks refusing to give up her seat. formed Montogomery Improvement Association, and involved Martin Luther King.
Goals of Montgomery bus boycott
To creat first come, first serve on buses. goal was later changed to wanting total equality on buses.
Freedom Rides
A test by the Court of RAcial Equality (CORE) to see if Boynton vs. Virginia court ruling was being f0ollowed in the South.
It involved both black and white people riding on the same bus through southern states to see what would happen. It was very dangerous.
Brown vs. Board of Education
Series of court rulings challening “Seperate but equal” in schools. Resulted in segregation being banned in schools.
Little Rock 9
The first instance of school desegregation. It was very dangerous, governor blocked the kids, and the military had to be sent in to protect the kids
James Meridith
The first black peron to attend a white university
Ruby Bridges
The first black person to attend a white school in New Orelans
Civil Disobedience
Non-violent protests, usually by disobeying laws
Oretha Castle Haley & Greensboro sit-ins
Oretha Castle Haley was a black university student that participated in sit-ins. She deliberately risked it all, as she was expelled from SUNO and lost her job. She later founded CORE.
Greensboro sit-ins were sit ins by univerisity students risking it all as well.
March On Washington
When EVERYONE and I mean EVERYONE came together to march on Washington DC, over 100,000 people. It’s where MLK gave “I have a dream speech”. happened on 100th anniversary of Emancipation Proclamation.
Second Reconstruction
When Federal Laws were cast with the aim to end Jim Crow.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Law that prohibits discrimination when using federal funds and in public places.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Law that allowed federal government to give the right to vote to people who were denied it by the state.
Freedom Summer
When all types of people came down from the North to help get black people registered to vote. Is very violent.
Who were/ What was: Niagra Movement, WEB Dubois, Booker T. Washington, NAACP, Mary Chruch Terrell, and Ida B. Wells
Niagra Movement- organization advocating for black civil rights
WEB Dubois- firs black graduate from Harvard
Booker T. Washington- Advocated for racial equality through speeches
NAACP- National Assocation for the Advancement of Colored People, organization that fights against discrimination
Mary Church Terrel- protested against lynching (publicly hanging black people)
Ida B. Wells- Another protestor of lynching
UNIT 8- Cold War
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Marxism
type of communism with Communal Share of Wealth
Lenninism
Type of Communism with a single displined party and one central leader
Yalta conference & Potsdam conference
When FDR, Stalin, and UK met up to figure out what to do with Germany.
They divided Germany into 4, with each nation getting a part of Germany.
Berlin was also divided into 4.
Marshall Plan
Plan to bring Europe back on its feet after WW2 by sending it money and supplies.
Russia and its allies rejected the plan, which resulted in Western Europe doing MUCH better than East Europe. This also stopped Russia from spreading communism.
What was the cold war
Indirect tensions between the US and Soviet Russia relating to Russia’s efforts in spreading Communism.
Iron curtain
A metaphorical wall put in between West Berlin (owned by the U.S, democratic) and East Berlin (owned by Soviet Russia, C0ommunist)
What Russia did in Berlin
Russia decided it wanted ALL of Berlin, so it seiged (cut off supplies) to Berlin.
Berlin airlift
When the US dropped supplies in Berlin during the Soviet Seige.
Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact
NATO was formed by US and allies to keep peace. Warsaw pact was russia’s NATO with it’s allies.
Berlin Wall
When the Iron Curtain became a reality and a physcial wall was built between west and east berlin.
Korean War
When North Korea invaded South Korea in attempt to spread communism and to unite with South Korea. In the end, nothing happened.
Bay of Pigs invasion
When Cuban Refugees invaded their own country to try to overthrow the communist dictator Fidel Castro. Didn’t work
Domino Theory
Idea that if one country falls to communism, surrounding countries will soon fall to Communism.
Cuban Missile Crisis
When US created a blockade to stop Soviet ships from entering Cuba after US discovered a nuclear missile silo on Cuba. US said that if Russia violated the blockade, they would go to nuclear war.
Red Scare
The fear of communism being in the US.
2nd Red Scare
Another red scare in US that started when Joe Mccarthy made false claims that communists were hiding in the US government. HUGE red scare, until it was enventually proven false.
