Leaf Adaptation to Climate Change

Question 1

TABLE 1. Glossary of terms used in the text (see also Materials and Methods). TermDefi nitionCell types Guard-mother cell (GMC)Final stomatal precursor cell that divides symmetrically to form a pair of guard cells. Subsidiary cellNeighboring epidermal cell (located adjacent to a guard cell) that is morphologically distinguishable from pavement cells. Lateral subsidiary cells (LSCs) occur on either side of the guard cells. Terms applied to mature stomata AnomocyticRefers to stomata that lack subsidiary cells. ParacyticRefers to stomata that possess one or more pairs of lateral subsidiary cells oriented parallel with the guard cells. TetracyticRefers to stomata that possess both lateral and polar subsidiary cells. Terms applied to stomata in which development is well documented Mesogene (mesogenous) stomatal complexOne in which the neighboring cells are formed from the same meristemoid as the guard-mother cell, following one or more asymmetric divisions. Perigene (perigenous) stomatal complexOne in which the GMC and all the neighboring cells are formed from diff erent protodermal cells. (NB: in a mesoperigenous stomatal complex, both mesogene and perigene neighboring cells are present.FIGURE 2 Stomatal conditions in monocots. (A) Anomocytic (lacking subsidiary cells) in Zygadenus venenosus (Melanthiaceae–Liliales). (B) Paracytic with a pair of nonoblique lateral subsidiary cells, in Flagellaria indica (Flagellariaceae–Poales). In this “paracytic-nonoblique” type, the lateral subsidiary cells can be markedly smaller than adjacent pavement cells and similar in size to the guard cells, as here. (C) Paracytic stoma with a pair of lateral sub-sidiary cells, often with oblique cell walls, in Acorus gramineus (Acoraceae–Acorales). In this “paracytic-oblique” type, the lateral subsidiary cells are only slightly smaller than pavement cells and clearly belong to the adjacent cell file.

Question 2

Guard cell

Answer 2

One of a pair of specialized epidermal cells that together delimit the stomatal pore.

Question 3

Stomatal conditions in monocots. (A) Anomocytic (lacking subsidiary cells) in Zygadenus venenosus (Melanthiaceae–Liliales). (B) Paracytic with a pair of nonoblique lateral subsidiary cells, in Flagellaria indica (Flagellariaceae–Poales). In this “paracytic-nonoblique” type, the lateral subsidiary cells can be markedly smaller than adjacent pavement cells and similar in size to the guard cells, as here. (C) Paracytic stoma with a pair of lateral sub-sidiary cells, often with oblique cell walls, in Acorus gramineus (Acoraceae–Acorales). In this “paracytic-oblique” type, the lateral subsidiary cells are only slightly smaller than pavement cells and clearly belong to the adjacent cell fi le.

Question 4

Anomocytic Paracytic stoma with a pair of lateral sub-sidiary cells, often with oblique cell walls, in Acorus gramineus (Acoraceae–Acorales). In this “paracytic-oblique” type, the lateral subsidiary cells are only slightly smaller than pavement cells and clearly belong to the adjacent cell fi le.

Answer 4

(lacking subsidiary cells) in Zygadenus venenosus (Melanthiaceae–Liliales).