Leading Firefighter Question Bank - Full Set

Question 1

Question 1.
According to STP - What are the 3 Golden rules to follow when applying foam?

Answer 1

1. Do not begin to apply foam unless you have enough to extinguish the fire or cover the fuel spill
2. Point branch away from fire until good finished foam is being produced
3. You cannot mix different foam concentrates

Question 2

Question 2.
According to STP - List 3 hazards/considerations when using CAFS at a structure fire.

Answer 2

1. CAFS hose lines have a build-up of pressure when the branch is closed, this causes a larger jet reaction than a standard hose
2. Slug flow – When the proportion of foam, air and water is wrong. It will cause the finished foam to “shudder” or “pulsate” as it is exiting the branch
3. Does not contain enough water for internal attack

Question 3

Question 3.
According to STP - List 5 actions to take when combatting a natural gas leak with no fire involved.

Answer 3

1. Structural PPE and SCBA
2. Evacuate all persons from the immediate area
3. Remove all sources of ignition
4. Respond Gas company
5. Only use intrinsically safe equipment
6. Dampen ground around the site of the gas release to prevent static electricity
7. Keep protection line in place using fog
8. If possible, crimp line to stop release of gas

Question 4

Question 4. 
According to STP - Acetylene is a very volatile gas, exploding cylinders can penetrate double brick walls or metal freight containers & land 200m away. How many hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled, can this explosion occur?

Answer 4

The explosion can occur up to 24 hours after the cylinder is removed from the fire or heat source, if it is not cooled

Question 5

Question 5.
According to STP - When reading a fire, we need indicators to base our decisions on, what are the most important indicators?

Answer 5

Building - SMOKE, AIR TRACK, HEAT & FLAME. B - S A H F (Be Safe)

Question 6

Question 6.
According to STP - What techniques enable us to control the interior environment during a structure fire?

Answer 6

Gas cooling and hose stream techniques enable us to control the interior environment during a structure fire

Question 7

Question 7.
According to STP - List 2 common hose laying techniques that can be used by firefighters?

Answer 7

1. “S” Lay
2. Cleveland Load

Question 8

Question 8.
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 11 Brigades to proceed with speed to suspected fires or hazardous material incident………?

Answer 8

1. When there is an alarm of fire, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act, proceed with all speed to the fire and try by all possible means to extinguish it and save any lives and property that are in danger.
2. When there is a report of a hazardous material incident, a fire brigade must, despite anything to the contrary in any Act, proceed with all speed to the site of the incident, and try by all possible means to render the site of the incident safe and save any lives and property that are in danger.

Question 9

Question 9. 
Complete the following in relation to the Fire and Rescue NSW Act 1989 Part 3, Division 1, Section 12 of the FRNSW Act, Investigation of reported fires and Hazardous material incident………?

Answer 9

1. The officer in charge may, with or without members of a fire brigade, enter any place—
   (a) In respect of which an alarm of fire is raised to ascertain whether there is a fire at the place, or
   (b) in respect of which a report of a hazardous material incident has been made to ascertain whether there is any hazardous material at the place that is, or is about to be, the subject of a hazardous material incident.
2. Reasonable force, whether by breaking down gates or fences or breaking open doors or otherwise, may be used to gain entry.

Question 10

Question 10.
Section 13, of the FRNSW Act states the “General Powers of Officers at fires and hazardous material incidents”. State this provision.  

Answer 10

(1) At a fire, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property and for the control and extinguishing of the fire, and
(b) is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
(1A) At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge—
(a) may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe, and
(b) Is to control and direct the operations of any fire brigade.
The site is taken to be such area in the vicinity of the incident as is for the time being determined by the officer in charge.
(2) If the fire is a bush fire (including a grass fire), the officer in charge is, as far as practicable, to carry into effect any plan of operations in force under section 52 of the Rural Fires Act 1997 in relation to the place where the fire occurs.

Question 11

Question 11.
Section 19 of the FRNSW Act lists the powers at fires and hazardous material incidents. State the provisions of this Section: “General power to remove persons or obstacles.”  

Answer 11

The officer in charge at a fire or hazardous material incident may cause to be removed any person, vehicle, vessel or thing the presence of whom or which at or near a fire or hazardous material incident might, in the officer’s opinion, interfere with the work of any fire brigade or the exercise of any of the officer’s functions.

Question 12

Question 12.
At an incident that has been declared a crime scene, a member of the public seeks details from you, the senior firefighter/officer on duty, about the incident. State your response according to the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) Clause 22, Disclosure of information.  

Answer 12

A firefighter must not disclose information obtained in the firefighter’s capacity as a firefighter unless the disclosure is made—
(a) in the exercise of the firefighter’s functions, or
(b) about factual matters that are generally available to the public, or
(c) by an approved firefighter to media representatives about operations at a fire or other incident, or
(d) at the direction or with the permission of the Commissioner, or
(e) with another lawful excuse.

Question 13

Question 13.
Section 17 of the Fire Brigades Regulation (2014) refers to unacceptable behaviour. List five circumstances when a firefighter’s behaviour would be deemed unacceptable.

Answer 13

(a) Come on or attend duty while under the influence of alcohol or a drug,
(b) While on duty consume, use or possess any alcohol or drug
(c) While on duty gamble in circumstances that adversely affect the discipline or efficiency of Fire and Rescue NSW,
(d) While on or off duty smoke at a fire or drill, on departmental premises or in a departmental vehicle
(e) While on or off duty smoke or consume alcohol in a public place while in uniform
(f) By words or action bully, harass, sexually harass, intimidate or threaten a person

Question 14

Question 14.
As stated in the Standing Orders, to avoid serious accidents at intersections when responding to an emergency, What actions should drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal take?  

Answer 14

1. With a view to avoiding serious accidents at intersections when responding to an emergency, drivers of responding vehicles approaching a stop sign or red signal light must slow down and enter the intersection at a speed of not more than 8 kph. Having assessed the traffic conditions, and determined that it is safe to proceed, the driver may then continue across the intersection.
2. Whenever passing through the stop sign or red light would involve the vehicle in an accident, the driver must come to a halt and not move off again until it is safe to proceed.

Question 15

Question 15.
According to Standing Orders, when are seatbelts required to be worn when travelling in FRNSW vehicles (including tankers)? 

Answer 15

1. All Fire and Rescue NSW employees are required to wear a seat belt, properly adjusted, when travelling in Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles. Any member travelling on a vehicle (including a water tanker) is to be seated inside the vehicle and must wear a seat belt.
2. Although Clause 5 of Rule 267 of the Australian Road Rules exempts the wearing of seat belts in the rear seats of Police or emergency vehicles, employees of Fire and Rescue NSW, and any authorised passengers, are required by Fire and Rescue NSW, in the interest of occupational health and safety, to wear a seat belt.

Question 16

Question 16.
According to Standing Orders, with no impact of the service delivery, List the procedures to be followed if drivers of FRNSW vehicles are involved in an accident.

Answer 16

• Advise the other driver to contact Fire and Rescue NSW’s Fleet Unit in the first instance to obtain the relevant claim number and contact details for Fire and Rescue NSW’s insurer.
• Station Commanders and supervisors must complete an Agency member motor vehicle claim form for all accidents involving Fire and Rescue NSW vehicles, including fire appliances, and submit it to their Duty Commander or manager with a covering memo explaining how the accident occurred.
• The Duty Commander or manager must undertake an initial investigation of the accident to determine if any action is required.
• The Agency member motor vehicle claim form must then be forwarded to the Fleet Management Unit who will process the insurance claim.
• If the accident involved an injury, illness, exposure or near miss, a Notification of injury, illness, exposure or near miss form must also be submitted.

Question 17

Question 17.
Fire Brigades Regulation, Part 3, Section 14: Firefighters to acquire and maintain knowledge of legislation, orders, and functions. List the provisions.

Answer 17

1. A firefighter must acquire and maintain a thorough knowledge of, and comply with the requirements of, the Act, this regulation and the Commissioner’s directions.
2. A firefighter must acquire and maintain the knowledge and skills relevant to the performance of the firefighter’s functions.

Question 18

Question 18.
According to STP -The National Construction Code classes buildings “Class 1” through to “Class 10”. The class of building is a measure of the buildings likely:  List these four points.

Answer 18

1. use
2. fire load
3. population
4. mobility of the occupants, such as whether they are sleeping or alert

Question 19

Question 19.
According to the Fire Investigation toolkit on the Intranet, when should you request FIRU for assistance?

Answer 19

1. There has been a loss of life at a fire, or a person is not expected to live from their injuries, or
2. The fire is considered major (i.e. 4th Alarm or above, significant community impact or unusual fire behaviour), or
3. The Origin and Cause of the fire is not apparent.

Question 20

Question 20.
As listed in STP - What form populated by firefighters gives the Fire Investigator a summary of firefighter actions at an incident?

Answer 20

SOFA Forms – a form populated by firefighters that gives the Fire Investigator a summary of the firefighters actions at an incident.

Question 21

Question 21.
STP - Details how a structure fire will burn within one of two burning regimes. List and describe the regimes.  

Answer 21

1. Fuel Controlled
   In this initial phase of fire development the fire grows as a direct function of the fuel itself with little or no influence from the compartment environment. ie. The size, shape or number of openings.
   If we continue to add fuel the fire will grow in size. If we remove fuel, the fire will decrease in size.
   Therefore fires with more than enough air for combustion are said to be Fuel Controlled.
2. Ventilation Controlled
   Most structure fires will reach a stage where fire development and the Heat Release Rate (HRR) is now dictated by the availability of oxygen. This occurs during a fully developed fire when the fire is pyrolyzing more fuel than can be burnt with the available oxygen in the compartment.
   It will also occur prior to this if the enclosure has insufficient openings.
   Simply put, fire growth (and HRR) is limited by the available air (O2) supply.

Question 22

Question 22.
STP - Identifies the search priority in multi storey buildings, list the priorities.

Answer 22

• The fire floor
• The floor above and
• The top floor

Question 23

Question 23.
STP - Outlines when a working at a task/tactical level and a firefighter becomes trapped, injured missing or overdue. What message should be sent to draw attention to the situation? 

Answer 23

A mayday message draws attention to a life-threatening situation at a task/tactical level.

Question 24

Question 24
According to STP - When is an Incident Management System required to be used at incidents FRNSW attends?

Answer 24

This method is used at every incident FRNSW attends.

Question 25

Question 25. According to STP -There are eight strategic functions of command the Incident Commander needs to address. List all eight.

Answer 25

1. Deployment – ensuring a steady, adequate and timely stream of appropriate resources at the incident, and knowing the position and function of each resource at all times. 2. Command – having a strong command presence from the outset of an incident. 3. Situation evaluation – continuously collecting and evaluating information about the incident in order to determine critical factors. 4. Incident action planning – having an incident action plan that addresses the critical factors. 5. Incident communications – having efficient and effective incident communications to describe the flow of information within and out of the incident. 6. Incident structure – having an incident structure that is flexible and able to be scaled to meet the incident size and needs, with the ability to delegate functions and responsibilities as span of control is reached. 7. Review and revision – once in operation, reviewing and revising the strategy and plan, to keep it current with the changing needs of the incident. 8. Escalation and de-escalation – as additional officers or an Incident Management Team arrive, scaling up the strategic management level of the incident; and scaling down as operations conclude.

Question 26

Question 26. According to STP - At every incident there must be a steady, adequate, and timely stream of resources.  Who is the only person to deploy resources at an incident? 

Answer 26

The Incident Commander (IC) must be the only person to deploy resources. This ensures that the IC knows where the resources are and what they are doing and can ensure that their tasks are in line with the Incident Action plan (IAP).

Question 27

Question 27. A driver in a road tunnel noticed smoke coming from the engine compartment of their car and immediately pulled into the emergency break down bay and called 000. The Tunnel Control Centre closed the tunnel allowing attending fire crews access to extinguish the fire. Peak hour traffic is starting to build at the entrance to the tunnel and thick smoke is throughout. List the Smoke Management Systems found in road tunnels that could assist in clearing the smoke?

Answer 27

• Longitudinal ventilation (jet fans) • ducted ventilation • Natural ventilation • A combination of the above.

Question 28

Question 28. According to SOGs -As an incident develops and crews become fatigued, they will need to be rested. Name and describe the two ways crews can be rested.

Answer 28

1. Recycle – Crew stops work for a short period just outside the Hot Zone, to rest, rehydrate, and replenish air cylinders if relevant. They remain accountable to IC or Sector, Group or Division commander (SGD Commander), as per the incident structure. 2. Full rehabilitation – Crew is released and moves to the rehabilitation area. Once there, they are accountable to a Rehabilitation Officer.

Question 29

Question 29. According to SOGs - List and describe the three incident phases.

Answer 29

− Life at risk phase, where there are saveable human lives. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to lives. A higher level of risk may be acceptable. − Expanding phase, where the incident is likely to expand beyond accepted limits. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control risks to lives and property. Some level of risk may be acceptable. − Contained phase, where there are sufficient resources to contain the incident within a defined area. There is no life at risk, or lives and property are already lost. Risk must be minimised as much as practicable.

Question 30

Question 30. According to Standing Orders who are the people authorised to ride on FRNSW appliances?

Answer 30

• Firefighters in the course of their duty; • Employees of Fire and Rescue NSW whose duty requires their attendance at an emergency; • Members of other emergency services at the discretion of the member in charge; or • Other persons authorised by the Commissioner.

Question 31

Question 32. According to STP - List and describe three ways foam controls and extinguishes fire.

Answer 31

1. Excluding the fire’s supply of oxygen (smothering) 2. Suppressing flammable vapours to stop them from igniting 3. Cooling the surface temperature to prevent re-ignition

Question 32

Question 33. According to STP – What are the characteristics of liquid petroleum gas?

Answer 32

• ODOURLESS • COLOURLESS • HEAVIER THAN AIR

Question 33

Question 34. According to STP - What is the term used when a liquid within a container reaches a temperature well above its boiling temperature, boils, expands and the container fails sending flammable gas outwards where it ignites.

Answer 33

B.L.E.V.E

Question 34

Question 35. According to STP - What can be used to conduct a thermal check of an acetylene cylinder?

Answer 34

1. TIC 2. Infrared thermometer 3. wetting test

Question 35

Question 36. Expand the Acronym – SISIACMR

Answer 35

1. Safe approach 2. Incident control 3. Scene security 4. Identify hazmats 5. Assess potential harm and minimise environmental contamination 6. Call in resources 7. Manage information 8. Render safe and decontaminate

Question 36

Question 37. According to STP - What is the most suitable extinguishing agent for rubber fires?

Answer 36

Water is the most suitable extinguishing agent

Question 37

Question 38. According to STP -There are several stages of Lithium-Ion battery failure list and describe the stages.

Answer 37

Stage 1 – Abuse Factor. Thermal, electrical or mechanical abuse. Stage2 – Off-gas Generation. Occurs regardless of cell form-factor. Stage 3 – Smoke Generation. Catastrophic failure is imminent. Stage 4 – Fire Generation. Likelihood of propagation drastically increases.

Question 38

Question 39. According to the Workplace Safety toolkit on the intranet, what should you complete when a work-related injury, near miss, exposure or illness occurs and in what timeframe after the occurrence should it be submitted?

Answer 38

NIIENMs should be submitted within 24 hours of occurrence.

Question 39

Question 40. According to the toolkit on the intranet - If you are unable to submit or fill out a NIIENM who else can submit one for you?

Answer 39

If the injured person is unable to submit the report, their Supervisor or co-worker can submit it on their behalf.

Question 40

Question 41. In New South Wales, Emergency Services carry out land-based rescues under what Act?

Answer 40

State Emergency and Rescue Management (SERM) Act 1989

Question 41

Question 42. As stated in the SERM Act, 1989 who is responsible for coordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations?

Answer 41

The NSW Police Force is responsible for coordinating rescue operations and for determining the priorities of action to be taken in rescue operations. The senior NSW Police officer on scene can determine the order in which casualties are rescued, which agency will conduct the rescue (in the case of multiple rescue agencies on scene) but not how the rescue should be performed.

Question 42

Question 43. According to STP - FRNSW uses the YOU principle to establish priorities of safety at a rescue incident. What are these priorities of safety?

Answer 42

Yourself and other rescuers Other persons not involved (bystanders) Unfortunate person(s) involved

Question 43

Question 44. According to STP -What is the correct PPC and procedure for fire protection at an MVA?

Answer 43

• One firefighter to wear full structural turnout PPC and SCBA • A manned line of 38mm hose charged to 400kPa, pump with recirculation valve open. • If a fire occurs, charge to 800kPa at the pump to achieve 700kpa at the branch

Question 44

Question 45. According to STP - What environments should SCBA be worn in?

Answer 44

• Heated or extremely low temperatures • Oxygen deficient or enriched environment • Toxic atmospheres • Smoke

Question 45

Question 46. Owners and occupiers of premises can deposit keys at their nearest fire station so that firefighters can gain access without causing unnecessary damage. Located in the Forms filing cabinet on the intranet, name the two forms that need to be completed when receiving keys to private premises.

Answer 45

Keys Deposit - Station Commander Keys to Private Premises - Applicant

Question 46

Question 47. As stated in the Health, Fitness and Wellbeing Toolkit- What is it a mandatory requirement to complete prior to undertaking the annual Fitness Drill?

Answer 46

As outlined in the FRNSW Fitness Drill Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ) Instruction, firefighters must complete a PARQ prior to undertaking their Fitness Drill.

Question 47

Question 48. According to Operations Bulletin 2020-04 - Failure to report damage. When an appliance is found to have unreported damage, the Fleet Operations Officer or Regional Maintenance Officer will notify the Station, Duty, and Zone Commander in writing. The responsible station must submit what form within 8 days?

Answer 47

The responsible station must submit an Agency Member Motor Vehicle Claim Form within 8 days.

Question 48

Question 49. According to the Fire ePermit policy, a fire permit issued within the ‘Bush Fire Danger’ period will be valid for a period of how many days from the date of issue?

Answer 48

Fire permits issued within the ‘Bushfire Danger Period’ will be valid for a period of 7 days from the date of issue.

Question 49

Question 50. According to the Fire ePermit policy, what aspect of the planned fire does the permit take into account?

Answer 49

A fire permit takes into account only the safety aspect of the planned fire. It imposes conditions on the way a fire is lit and maintained. This safety aspect is the limit of the involvement by FRNSW.

Question 50

Question 51. According to STP - Where should Warden Intercom Points be in a building?

Answer 50

• At EICIE (Chief Wardens Handset) • Within 4 m of exit within each emergency zone • Within 4 m of exit on each storey • Within emergency lift shafts • Adjacent to FDCIE if remote from EICIE

Question 51

Question 52. According to STP, name the components in an AS 2118.1 sprinkler alarm valve room.

Answer 51

(1) Main stop valve (2) Test drain (3) Sprinkler test facility (4) Sprinkler alarm valve (5) System pressure gauge (6) Deluge valve (7) Water supply with water supply pressure gauge

Question 52

Question 53. According to STP, there are two control measures when dealing with live power at an incident. List and describe them.

Answer 52

Turning off power - involves turning off the main switch, removing fuses and switching off circuit breakers at the switchboard. This removes power from the circuits within the structure supplied through that switchboard. Isolating power - is the best way to control an electrical hazard but this can only be done by the electricity company, and this takes time. The electricity company needs to drive to the site, work out how the power is supplied and then disconnect the power from the network to the site. As an interim measure, firefighters can turn off power at the switchboard.

Question 53

Question 54. According to STP - Firefighters can ‘turn off’ a solar power system to stop electricity feeding into the structure’s circuits or back to the electricity network if configured to do so. State the recommended procedure.

Answer 53

1. On-site consultation: determine whether it is appropriate to turn solar power system off and how best to do so 2. Assume switchboard is live: Don electrical safety gloves then over-gloves. Have your helmet visor down and look away 3. Follow the shutdown procedure: This may be on or near the switchboard or inverter. If not found, turn off the inverter main switch then turn off the solar panel main switch 4. Consider if benefits outweigh risks: Restrict work as far as reasonably practical to that required to protect life or prevent dangerous expansion of the incident 5. Isolate the power: If required, have the owner/occupier contact their electrician to isolate the power

Question 54

Question 55. According to STP -When a battery energy storage system is present at a residence, there should be an indicator to alert you to this. What is an example of an indicator, located outside the switchboard?

Answer 54

An ES sticker- outside the switchboard

Question 55

Question 56. Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists operational actions to follow when dealing with Lithium-ion battery failure in small devices. List these actions.

Answer 55

• Knock-down any fire using copious amounts of water. • Cool the battery with a cooling stream of water. • Submerge the device in a suitable container of water if safe to do so. Use a tool such as a long-handled shovel to move the device. • If unable to submerge the device, continue cooling and conduct thermal checks every 15 minutes until ambient temperature is maintained for 60 minutes. Note: an increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event is occurring. • Ensure that all cells are accounted for by searching the area around the device. Failure to account for all cells may lead to a secondary fire event. Notify FireCOM that the incident involves a lithium-ion device. FireCOM will send a notification to FIRU.

Question 56

Question 57. According to STP - If solar panels, or the attached isolators, are on fire, in addition to the considerations with turning off an alternative power source what actions should firefighters take?

Answer 56

• Conduct firefighting from the ground or an aerial appliance. Do not get onto the roof to extinguish the fire. Do not put a ladder against the roof as the gutter may be electrified. • Extinguish the fire with a spray nozzle, using a pulse spray in a dispersed pattern. If the solar panel is at ground level, consider using CO2 to extinguish the fire, ensuring that there is at least 250 mm air gap between the CO2 extinguisher nozzle and any electrified components.

Question 57

Question 59. According to STP - Overhaul is a procedure we follow after we attend an incident and extinguish the fire. For your safety during overhaul what is it essential for you to do?

Answer 57

• Wear SCBA and a full set of firefighting clothing • Perform atmospheric monitoring using a gas detector.

Question 58

Question 60. According to STP - What is the minimum PPE that can be worn at a bush fire?

Answer 58

Level 2 PPE - Minimum • Multi-purpose helmet • Goggles • Multi-purpose Jacket • GP gloves • Firefighting Gloves (Direct attack) • Duty wear trousers • FF boots • P2

Question 59

Question 61. According to STP - Property protection is the act of protecting property from the impact of a wildfire. At a major wildfire, FRNSW crews generally engage in property protection roles. We generally have 3 strategies for carrying out property protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 59

Line Defence - is used when conditions would normally allow an offensive attack but there are not enough units to mount an offensive attack in time. It involves preventing the approaching line of fire from closely approaching the property. Ember Defence - is used when the approaching line of fire is too intense to be suppressed by offensive means and is producing significant ember attack. It involves extinguishing small fires that occur in and around buildings, when and as they occur. Firefighters operate from safe positions behind suitable shielding from the main fire front and pull back to safer refuge if needed. Backstop Defence - is used when there is no safe defensible space around buildings and/or the approaching fire is so intense that firefighters cannot safely protect the buildings during the impact of the fire. Firefighters withdraw temporarily a short distance away to a suitable safe refuge, with the intention of coming back after the fire front passes. After the main fire front subsides, they move forward to put out the property on fire. This type of defence is used when firefighters have run out of all other options.

Question 60

Question 62. Operations Bulletin 2023-01- Lists the hazards and risks at incidents involving Lithium-ion batteries in small devices. List all as stated in the bulletin.

Answer 60

• Thermal runaway. A damaged Lithium-ion battery may go into thermal runaway. Thermal runaway is a term used to describe the rapid uncontrolled release of heat energy from a battery cell – a condition when the battery creates more heat than it can effectively dissipate. Once in thermal runaway the cell is in an uncontrollable, self-heating state and there can be extremely high temperatures, violent cell venting, flammable vapour, and fire. Surrounding cells may also be affected through thermal propagation, which can then send them into thermal runaway. Anyone in close proximity to a battery in thermal runaway may be injured. • Extreme fire behaviour. If thermal runaway occurs, it can lead to extreme fire behaviour where the build-up of flammable vapours in a compartment exceeds the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Firefighters entering the compartment may be exposed to a vapour cloud explosion when an air path is created. • Release of toxic vapour and gases. The chemical compound of the battery depends on the battery design and manufacture. Vapours and gases that may vent include: − Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as alkyl-carbonates, methane, ethylene, and ethane. − Hydrogen gas. − Carbon dioxide. − Carbon monoxide − Soot. − Particulates containing oxides of nickel, aluminium, lithium, copper, and cobalt. − Phosphorus pentafluoride, Phosphoryl fluoride, or Hydrogen fluoride vapours. Toxic vapour can ignite and cause an explosion. Anyone in the vicinity may be injured by an explosion. Firefighters may inhale vapour or gas if not fully protected by PPE. • Hazardous materials and leaked electrolytes. Electrolytes contain volatile hydrocarbon-based liquid and dissolved lithium salts. Spills are likely to evaporate rapidly, leaving a white salt residue. Evaporated electrolyte is flammable and contains alkyl-carbonate compounds. Leaked electrolyte is colourless and characterised by a sweet odour. Firefighters may be injured by ignition of the electrolyte or it may lead to expansion of the incident. Firefighters may suffer skin irritation and respiratory illness if not protected by PPE. • Stranded energy. There may be stranded energy – energy that cannot be removed – in the battery, creating an electrical hazard. FRNSW is unable to discharge, recover, or identify cells or modules containing stranded energy. There is the risk to firefighters of electric shock from Direct Current (DC), Alternating Current (AC), or energised conductive material in contact with the battery. • Projectiles. There may be projectiles as cells are ejected under pressure from the battery case during fire or explosion. Firefighters may be hit and injured by a projectile. • Secondary ignition. Secondary ignition may occur without warning at any time after the initial event, even up to months later. A secondary ignition is a fire occurring as a result of a second thermal runaway event (not directly related to the initial event). This second event has the same risks as the initial event.

Question 61

Question 63. As described in STP - When conducting ventilation using a fan, what is the most effective inlet/outlet ratio?

Answer 61

The most efficient ratio is 1:4

Question 62

Question 64. According to SOGs - When an LPG container is involved in fire, what area of the container is considered most crucial and a high priority area for cooling?

Answer 62

The container’s vapour space (area above the liquid) is most crucial and is to be considered a high priority area for cooling. Cool all containers by using sprays in preference to jets of water.

Question 63

Question 65. As recommended in STP - When conducting ventilation with a fan, the fan should be set back approximately how far from the door.

Answer 63

The height of the door

Question 64

Question 66. According to Work Instruction- “Bagging contaminated gear” What equipment is required for bagging contaminated gear (not PPC) at an incident to minimise the risk presented by hazardous contaminants during storage or transport?

Answer 64

• The appropriate bag for the type of contaminant: − Asbestos containment bags where asbestos is a suspected contaminant. − Yellow clinical waste bags for waste produced from providing first aid. − Clear contaminated gear bags for other contaminants, including smoke. • Cable ties or strong tape to seal the bags. • A contaminated equipment tag to attach to the bag with relevant details.

Question 65

Question 67. You are responded to a bushfire with four Fire Rescue NSW pumpers’ two RFS tankers and one inspector, according to SOGs what class is the fire?

Answer 65

Class 1 bushfire

Question 66

Question 68. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs – Electrical transformers in high density areas of cities maybe situated in underground vaults, if a fire occurs in one of these vaults, CO2 can be injected via a wall mounted or footpath CO2 connection box. What does the number on the connection box indicate?

Answer 66

The number of cylinders required

Question 67

Question 69. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - What factors affect voltage gradient at wires down?

Answer 67

• Composition of the ground – e.g. concrete, road surface, soil • Moisture content • Voltage of the electrical source

Question 68

Question 70. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Conductors allow electricity to easily pass through them. List five conductors.

Answer 68

• Metals (e.g. copper, aluminium, steel) – including ladders, fences, guttering, roofing • Human body • Timber and trees • Flame and dense smoke • Some fire extinguishing mediums • Wet or dirty rope • Water – including hose lines

Question 69

Question 71. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Name four measures to control the risks associated with electricity.

Answer 69

Question 71. According to the guideline support document for electricity SOGs - Name four measures to control the risks associated with electricity. • Stay away from the hazard. Always regard it as live until you know otherwise. • Assess the risks from at least 8 metres away from the hazard. • If suspected to be electrically hazardous, establish an Exclusion Zone. • Have the electricity company isolate power.

Question 70

Question 72. As listed on the SIMS Worksheet: Electrical safety kit - State the inventory stored in the green canvas bag of the electrical safety kit.

Answer 70

1 x Pair of insulating gloves 1 x pair of leather over gloves 1 2 x non-contact AC voltage detectors, either Modiewark Rescue or GLM Mini Rescue

Question 71

Question 73. According to Recommended practice - When using the gloves from the electrical safety kit, what is the correct donning sequence?

Answer 71

• Put on electrical gloves first. • Put over-gloves on over the electrical gloves to protect the electrical glove from damage. • The cuff of the electrical glove must extend beyond the cuff of the over-glove. • The cuff of the electrical glove must be above the cuffs and sleeves of your PPC.

Question 72

Question 74. According to SOGs - FRNSW has an interagency notification policy, list the reasons NSW Police are required to be notified.

Answer 72

• Possible terrorist incident • Crime investigation • Site, crowd, traffic and evacuation management • Rescue incidents

Question 73

Question 75. You are responded to fire in a Correctional facility, centre or complex operated by government agencies or private contractors. As stated in FRNSW SOGs on arrival what actions should be taken?

Answer 73

• Identify and liaise with the Emergency Coordinator. • While waiting to enter, start developing the IAP by accessing information – e.g. pre-incident plans, SOGs, and utilities. • Where entry to the facility is delayed, nominate a staging area and advise FireCOM to inform responding resources. Remain in the staging area until met by the Emergency Coordinator. Notify FireCOM if entry is delayed. Always remain outside facility on standby if it is unsafe to enter. • At the main entry, access the Red Fire Emergency Plan Box containing the FRNSW pre-incident plan, safety data sheets folder, site plans, and Local Emergency Plans (LEPs) and brief crew about the facility. • Prepare the appliance and secure equipment before entering the facility. List all equipment to be taken in.

Question 74

Question 76. According to the Preventing and Managing Unreasonable Behaviour and Bullying Policy, what is the definition of workplace bullying?

Answer 74

“Workplace bullying is repeated and unreasonable behaviour directed towards a worker or a group of workers that creates a risk to health and safety”.

Question 75

Question 78. According to the ‘Firefighter’ role description found on the Intranet, list 5 Duties/Accountabilities required in this role.

Answer 75

• Contribute to the station's community prevention, risk reduction planning and engagement programs and activities • Attend fire and other emergency incidents providing expert knowledge and assistance commensurate with rank • Contribute to the Station's operational readiness, including the maintenance of appliances, tools and equipment • Assist with investigations into the cause of fires • Support the Station Officer in actions to achieve FRNSW’s goals of protecting life, property and other initiatives under the Plus Plan • Undertake station duties including the completion of records, reports, correspondence and returns to facilitate the general running of the station

Question 76

Question 79. According to STP - What guidelines should be followed when tasking crews at a residential structure fire?

Answer 76

1st Crew – Fast Attack, water on fire Subsequent crews – Search & Rescue and Staging IC – is the only person to deploy resources

Question 77

Question 80. According to STP -What is recommended configuration for relay pumping operation?

Answer 77

A closed circuit relay

Question 78

Question 81. According to STP – ‘Fire Safety and Investigation’ there are four classifications of cause. Name and describe them.

Answer 78

• Natural: A fire caused without human intervention or action, such as fires resulting from lightning, earthquake, wind and flood. • Accidental: Fires for which the proven cause does not involve an intentional human act to ignite or spread the fire into an area where a fire should not be. • Incendiary: A fire that is intentionally ignited in an area where and when there should not be a fire. • Undetermined: The cause of the fire cannot be proven to an acceptable level of certainty.

Question 79

Question 82. Whilst participating in a community event at the local oval and armed offender attack occurs. According to SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 79

Escape As a priority, remove yourself and others from close proximity to the offender/s or areas they might reasonably access. Consider removing or leaving cumbersome equipment so you can move quickly. If it is safe to do so, snatch and grab as many casualties as possible when exiting. Do not stop to provide first aid. Hide If you don’t believe you can safely escape, consider sheltering in place. Mute all communications equipment, including private mobile phones, so as not to give away your hiding place. Do not turn off phones as text messaging may be used to update you on the situation. Constantly re-assess the situation and your options, based on the best available information. Tell The more information you can pass on to FireCOM or the Police, the better, but never at the risk of your own safety or the safety of others.

Question 80

Question 83. According to SOGs - There are many duties of the BA Control Operator, list five.

Answer 80

• Establish BA Control as close to the entry/exit point as possible. • Check and enter all details on the BA Control Board. • Ensure BA team members are identified by the correct call sign. • Calculate and monitor entry and exit times. • Monitor all radio communications within the sector. • When exit time is reached – immediately contact the individual wearer or BA team leader. If unable to contact, notify their Commander. Activate the RIT immediately when required and notify the IC. • Indicate to exiting BA crews the locations of the BA staging area and Rehabilitation Area. • Provide updates to their Commander as required. A second radio transceiver may be required for the tactical channel. • Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when EDBA is in use, by the red EDBA tag being attached to the wearer’s yellow tally. • Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when aerial appliance operators are wearing BA. • Ensure BA Control Boards clearly show when extension facemasks are in use – with ATBA, on aerial appliances, with auxiliary facemask from another BA set, with an extension airline from a standalone BA set

Question 81

Question 84. According to Firefighters Training Manual - The numbers relayed back from FireCOM for the Hazmat Action Guide (HAG) sheet are used to determine PPE, form, hazards, effect with water, action, firefighting, and personnel decontamination. TX at the end of the transmission means there is text.  what does the text usually refer to?

Answer 81

This text usually relates to Additional Personal Protection (APP).

Question 82

Question 85. According to SOGs - What can P2 particle masks be used to protect against?

Answer 82

• Known low concentrations of inert dust, such as those produced when cutting metal or wood. • Concrete, stone and masonry cutting operations where the work piece can be kept wet. • The particles, but not the gases such as CO, in bushfire smoke. • Contamination by body fluids.

Question 83

Question 86. According to SOGs - At any incident, the Incident Commander will consider the incident phase and the risk that may be accepted. Describe the life at risk phase.

Answer 83

LIFE AT RISK PHASE, where there are saveable human lives. The incident is uncontrolled and requires rapid actions to control the risks to lives. A higher level of risk may be acceptable.

Question 84

Question 87. According to Firefighters Training Manual -You attend a house fire at 2am and on arrival notice a small amount of smoke issuing from the ground level of a 2-storey residence. Two cars are parked in the driveway. What three principles should you keep in mind when forcing entry?

Answer 84

• enter without undue delay; • enter with the minimum of structural damage; and • enter so as to provide access to as much of the building as possible.

Question 85

Question 88. According to SOGs -You respond to a building fire and the contaminated runoff/pollutant is impacting a canal that runs into a creek. Which agencies are you required to notify?

Answer 85

Environment Protection Authority Roads and Maritime Services Transport for NSW

Question 86

Question 90. According to SOGs - What are the three basic principles for communication at incidents?

Answer 86

(a) to use the principles of ICS and ensure an effective span of control; (b) to establish a flow of information at all levels of the incident, without overwhelming the IC or ComCen with superfluous data; and (c) to ensure the safety of firefighters by using effective communication

Question 87

Question 92. According to SOGs - Emergency Response Teams have varying levels of skills, equipment, and training. Depending on the hazards involved, the IC must determine, from Pre-Incident Planning and discussion with the Emergency Response Team Leader, their role at an incident. Name three activities Emergency Response Team can participate in.

Answer 87

• Specialist advice to the IC relating to hazards, industrial processes and installed fire systems. • Operation of valves and other industrial processes. • Fire attack under the control of NSWFB officers.

Question 88

Question 93 SOGs describe how to de-escalate an incident. What is de-escalation?

Answer 88

De-escalation is the scaling back of FRNSW involvement at an incident. Both the strategic and tactical levels scale back and delegated functions are handed back to the IC. The IC determines that the incident has been contained and that resources can be released. Eventually the incident terminates and the incident is completed.

Question 89

Question 94. According to SOGs - The Emergency Control Organisation may consist of people identified by coloured helmets, hats, caps, vests, or tabards. Name the members and the identifying colour.

Answer 89

− Chief warden/Deputy chief warden/Communications officer - White − Floor warden/Area wardens - Yellow − Wardens - Red − First aid officer - White cross on a green background

Question 90

Question 95. What are the correct meanings for the numerical codes?

Answer 90

• Code 3 - On scene at incident or move-up station • Code 6 - Incident in Rural Fire District. • Code 4 - Available for response. • Code 1 - Responding to an incident or move-up • Code 7 - Unavailable for response

Question 91

Question 96. You are completing a pre-incident plan for an occupancy located within your station area. Your priorities are confirming correct keys and swipe cards, along with updating information for the MDT.  The SO directs you to inspect the Fire Control Room. According to the SOGs, What features are included in a Fire Control Room?

Answer 91

• A fire isolated room with a 2-hour fire rating and separate ventilation • two exit points, to the front of the building and directly into a fire exit • Fire Indicator Panel • Fire Fan Control Panel • Master Emergency Control Panel • controls for fire pumps • Security Alarm and Control Panels • telephone (direct line outside) • whiteboard, corkboard and plan table • Tactical Fire Plans (maps and schematics).

Question 92

Question 97. You are attending an incident at a large cold storage facility. Your SO has directed you to cut into an Insulated Sandwich Panel (ISP). Prior to cutting the ISP, you conduct a risk assessment. According to the SOGs, list the important issues to consider?

Answer 92

• If there is sufficient time and resources available. • leaked refrigerant gas which may be pocketed behind panels or in ducting • electrical wiring or refrigerant gas pipes that may be located behind the panels • the potential to generate sparks that could ignite flammable refrigerant gas or ESP panel cores • Weakening of the structure when multiple panels are cut. • An increase in fire activity due to the introduction of air;

Question 93

Question 98. You are attending a 3rd Alarm structure fire and note the current incident commander is being overwhelmed by radio messages. According to SOGs, following span of control rules, what is the optimal amount an individual resources you should communicate with?

Answer 93

5 to 7

Question 94

Question 99. It is the responsibility of the Incident Commander (IC) to ensure that in general, each tactical priority has been addressed, according to the SOGs, involving structure fires the IC should consider how many sides of the fire?

Answer 94

Seven Sides: front, rear, both sides, top, bottom and inside

Question 95

Question 100. On arrival at an incident, you observe the EWIS is operating. Upon closer inspection you note it has defects. According to the SOGs, what actions should you take?

Answer 95

Advise the NSWFB Fire Safety Division to have the matter investigated. Do not initiate any action yourself.

Question 96

Question 101. You attend a Hazmat incident involving Phosgene, you appreciate the importance of correct spelling of a substance when transmitting messages to Comms. You are requested to relay the message using the phonetic alphabet. What is the correct phonetic alphabet transmission for Phosgene?

Answer 96

PAPA – HOTEL - OSCAR – SIERRA – GOLF – ECHO – NOVEMBER - ECHO

Question 97

Question 102. An MVA has occurred between a truck and two cars requiring the attendance of a rescue unit, the MVA has occurred on the M5 Motorway in the GSA. There are multiple emergency services within NSW that are responsible for rescue incidents. According to SOGs, who determines which emergency service will send a rescue unit to this rescue incident?

Answer 97

Police Rescue Coordinator (RCO)

Question 98

Question 103. Fumigation is a process of applying a pesticide chemical to a sealed area for a period, generally to treat insects or other vermin. The pesticide is applied in gas form (or a state that produces a gas) to the area. According to SOGs if a firefighter is exposed to chemicals at a fumigation what actions need to be taken on arrival back at station?

Answer 98

1. Have the firefighter shower and dress in clean clothing. 2. Record the exposure in the Occurrence Book and in the eAIRS report. 3. Ensure that Notification of Injury, Illness, Exposure or Near-Miss (NIIENM) form is completed.

Question 99

Question 104. According to SOGs - FRNSW priorities guide the strategy and incident action plan (IAP) for the incident. What are our priorities at an incident?

Answer 99

• The first priority is the safety of firefighters. • The second priority is protecting saveable lives. • The third priority is protecting saveable property and the environment.

Question 100

Question 105. According to FRNSW fatigue management procedure permanent firefighters, what is the recommended consecutive hours break taken after completion of their second 24-hour shift, prior to recall, part change of shift or any other overtime in order to minimise fatigue risk.

Answer 100

48 hours

Question 101

Question 106. According to the clean firefighter policy describe onsite decontamination.

Answer 101

Onsite decontamination occurs as people and equipment leave the Hot Zone to recycle, when entering rehabilitation, or when leaving the incident. All people and equipment that have been in the Hot Zone are considered to have been exposed to contaminants and require decontamination. The aim of decontamination is to ensure zero exposure for firefighters, with all contaminates removed and left at the incident, where possible. All PPE, including boots, require cleaning before leaving the incident.

Question 102

Question 107. According to the Toolkit on the intranet during a bushfire with CFUs. List the roles and responsibilities of CFU members.

Answer 102

Operational members are trained in the safe use of supplied equipment to: • Prepare and protect their home and other properties in their area of activity from spot fires and ember attack in accordance with ‘Prepare. Act. Survive.’ strategies. • Assist with mop up in their area of activity after the fire front passes, releasing fire services to respond to the fire front. Associate members are not trained in equipment use. Instead, they provide the following support functions to the CFU team: • Monitor public warnings on bushfire activity and relay information to the team. • Patrol the area of activity, to alert operational members to outbreaks of spot fires and ember attacks. • Pass information between operational members, and other communication tasks. • Assist in the coordination of food and drink supplies for CFU members. • Provide appropriate first aid where trained Cadet members who are aged 16 or 17. Cadet members trained in safe equipment use may act as operational members; otherwise they act as associate members.

Question 103

Question 108. According to SOGs - A medical emergency access incident is an actual or probable situation where either the Police Rescue Coordinator or the Ambulance Service of NSW (ASNSW) Communication Centre Manager considers serious. What do they consider a person at risk of if access is not gained quickly?

Answer 103

A patient is at risk of further serious injury or death if medical assistance is not provided quickly

Question 104

According to FRNSW Alcohol and other drugs policy, workers must not be in the workplace with a blood alcohol concentration of how many grams or above of alcohol per 210 litres of breath.

Answer 104

0.02 grams

Question 105

Question 110. According to STP - What actions should you take upon noticing signs of structural collapse?

Answer 105

• Notify all personnel in the collapse zone • Notify SO/ Sector commander • Evacuate premises • Set up exclusion zone • Use appropriate water streams

Question 106

Question 111. According to SOGs - Radio codes for automatic fire alarms (AFAs) are used by the Incident Commander (IC) to send an incident completed (Stop) message to FireCOM at the conclusion of an AFA-reported incident. When AFA call is to an actual fire – i.e., one which FRNSW has been alerted to by the activation of an AFA or manual call point. What is required to be reported to FireCOM?

Answer 106

Use code 100 where an AFA call is to an actual fire The IC must ensure that a detailed message is sent with the 100 code. The code is passed to eAIRS, but, on return to station, the eAIRS report needs to be updated to reflect the nature of the incident.

Question 107

Question 112. According to SOGs - Safety is paramount at all bushfires. A safety briefing must be completed and communicated to firefighters. Firefighters should constantly review LACES. Describe each letter of the acronym LACES.

Answer 107

Lookout -Fire crews must LOOKOUT and ensure that they have a clear appreciation of current fire behaviour, location and size of the fire in relation to crew location. Awareness - Firefighters must be aware of what is happening around them, including • the impact of changes in fire behaviour caused by variations to fuel, weather and topography • observation of smoke colour, direction and column • fire ground and urban hazards including the potential for falling and dangerous trees and branches • hydration of themselves and others. Communications - All fire crews must maintain communication in accordance with the communications plan and ensure safety issues are discussed and addressed immediately. Escape Routes - At least two escape routes should be agreed and made known to all relevant personnel. The suitability of escape routes should be reviewed continually to ensure they remain effective. Safety Zones - (refuge areas) should be identified and made known to all relevant firefighters. Firefighters need to consider escape time and safety zone size requirements, which may change as fire behaviour changes.

Question 108

Question 113. According to SOGs-Fire danger ratings (FDR) give an indication of the consequences of a bushfire. The higher the fire danger, the more dangerous the conditions. List the ratings.

Answer 108

1. Moderate 2. High 3. Extreme 4. Catastrophic

Question 109

Question 114 According to SOGs when sending radio messages, to ensure they are easy to understand and hear. How should they be formulated?

Answer 109

They should use standard terminology and formulated in • Conditions • Actions • Needs

Question 110

Question 115. According to SOGs - There are three strategies used during bushfires operations. Name and describe them.

Answer 110

Offensive strategy - FRNSW initiates offensive operations at bushfires. The factors that determine the success of an offensive operation are the location and size of the attack and support for the attacking crew. Defensive strategy - The first-priority in defensive operations is safety and all crews must always be accounted for. Focus of effort is concentrated on property protection or structural triage. Safeguarding strategy - When offensive or defensive strategies are no longer viable with intense fires under the worst conditions, the actions during safeguarding strategy, while not fire suppression, warns, escorts (moves) and protects community members to ensure their safety.

Question 111

Question 116. According to SOGs - To minimise the risk of heat related illness, what is the minimum level of PPE that should be worn at a bushfire.

Answer 111

Level 2 PPE must be worn (at a minimum) unless a higher risk is present

Question 112

Question 117. Heat stress is the most common condition which affects firefighters. It all too frequently affects their welfare, but more importantly, it affects their judgement and competence in the field. All firefighters must be able to recognise the symptoms, name three symptoms as stated in SOGs.

Answer 112

• Dizziness • Weakness • Nausea

Question 113

Question 118. According to SOGs - The status of a bushfire is the degree to which it is under control. What terminology is to be used in radio messages and sitreps to FireCOM?

Answer 113

• Going • Being Controlled • Contained • Patrol • Out

Question 114

Question 120. According to SOGs - Describe offensive and defensive firefighting strategies.

Answer 114

• Offensive – operating in close proximity to the hazards. • Defensive – operating away from the hazards.

Question 115

Question 121. As stated in SOGs - What does the Incident Action (IAP) usually describe?

Answer 115

The IAP describes, at any point in time, the risk assessment, strategy and objectives, incident structure, layout of the incident, and any other relevant information.

Question 116

Question 123. According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what are the actions of the first arriving Station Commander?

Answer 116

Because the first-arriving crew needs to commence operations on the fire floor as soon as possible, the Station Commander will accompany them. The first Station Commander becomes the Sector Commander for the fire floor, establishes a Forward Control Point and commences fire operations from the floor below the fire.

Question 117

Question 124. According to SOGs - Twin bore tunnels, where traffic flows occur in separate tunnels, the tunnels are usually separated by 4-hour fire-resisting construction. Crossover passages between the tunnels are usually how many metres apart?

Answer 117

120 metres apart

Question 118

Question 125. According to SOGs - List the roles of FRNSW at incidents involving bomb threats or detonations?

Answer 118

• Support NSW Police Force or the Australian Defence Force (ADF) by protecting life and property from the effects of fires or hazardous materials that may occur. • Act as the lead agency in urban search and rescue (USAR) operations, if required. • If requested, assist NSW Ambulance.

Question 119

Question 126. According to SOGs - When referring to storage facilities describe-

Answer 119

• Bulk - Where more than 4 tonnes (net) or more than 4 cubic metres of a material is stored, it is generally referred to as bulk storage or bulk solids storage. Industries such as manufacturing and agriculture use bulk storage. • Flatbed storage - A single-storey building or other structure designed for the storage of more than 40 tonnes of bulk solid material. • Ventilated – A container which is open to the atmosphere. • Sealed - A container that has its openings sealed to prevent oxygen from entering the container – includes containers that are semi-sealed and oxygen-limited.

Question 120

Question 127. According to SOGs - Standards Australia refers to Breathing Apparatus (BA) as supplied air respirators. Fire and Rescue NSW uses positive pressure supplied air respirators to provide the highest level of protection. Name and describe them.

Answer 120

• Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). • Extended duration breathing apparatus (EDBA): An SCBA set in twin cylinder configuration which allows firefighters to work for approximately twice the time as single cylinder SCBA. • Airline respirator: An extension facemask with an airline supplied from a source of compressed air. These sources include: 1. Air trolley breathing apparatus (ATBA): A mobile trolley with compressed air cylinders, a valve assembly and an airline connected to an extension facemask. 2. An independent SCBA set. 3. SCBA worn by a firefighter: An extension facemask and airline worn by a second person which is attached to the auxiliary connection of an SCBA or EDBA set worn by a firefighter.

Question 121

Question 128. According to SOGs - Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people and equipment to prevent further injury and reduce the spread of the contaminant. What are the three ways decontamination can be implemented?

Answer 121

1. Standard decontamination is implemented where there is no life at risk. 2. Emergency decontamination is implemented where there is a life at risk (a person is rescued from the Hot Zone), or an immediate response is required due to an accidental contamination. 3. Mass decontamination is implemented in an unexpected and dangerous situation which must be dealt with immediately where a group of people are contaminated.

Question 122

Question 129. According to SOGs When dealing with radiological incidents, the first priority is to minimise the exposure to radiation while rendering the incident safe. What are the main considerations for protecting people at radiological incidents?

Answer 122

Time – minimise the duration of exposure. Distance – maximise the distance from the radiological source. Shielding – maximise shielding between the radiological source and people.

Question 123

Question 130. According to SOGs - What are three types of radiation?

Answer 123

1. Alpha radiation 2. Beta radiation 3. Gamma rays and X-rays 4. Neutrons

Question 124

Question 131. According to SOGs - Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). If asbestos is encountered at an incident, as far as practical, employ dust suppression tactics and leave ACM in situ. Provide three examples of dust suppression tactics.

Answer 124

• Minimise disturbance – i.e. restrict salvage and overhaul work. • Keep it lightly dampened down with fog spray. • Apply a bonding agent such as a foam blanket or coloured PVA/water mix. • Bag into marked asbestos containment bags. • Wrap or cover with salvage plastic sheeting.

Question 125

Question 132. Materials that contain asbestos are known as asbestos containing materials (ACM). There are generally two categories of ACM name and describe them.

Answer 125

Friable - Friable ACMs are materials that are in powder form, or that can be crumbled, pulverised, or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. Non-friable - Non-friable ACMs are any materials that are not friable, including materials containing asbestos fibres reinforced with a bonding compound.

Question 126

Question 133. According to Standing Orders – The minimum number of new PIPs to be completed by each platoon yearly is?

Answer 126

A minimum of four new PIPs a year must be completed by each platoon at a 10/14 station

Question 127

Question 134. According to Standing Orders - Why does FRNSW conduct hydrant inspections?

Answer 127

• ensure that hydrants work when needed • notify water authorities of problems with hydrants, and • familiarise crews with hydrants in their area.

Question 128

Question 135. According to the After-Action Review (AAR) Policy - AARs are held for the purpose of reviewing organisational performance, resulting in a series of observations, which are analysed to produce thematic insights. What timeframe should a Type 1 review be conducted?

Answer 128

Immediate or as soon as possible

Question 129

Question 136. As stated in in the FRNSW Code of Conduct and Ethics - FRNSW has shared values with the NSW Government Sector. Name all the shared values.

Answer 129

Integrity, Service

Question 130

Question 137. According to FRNSW Policy Managing Gifts, Benefits and Hospitality Policy and Procedure - Any offer of a gift or benefit in excess of $50 or not token in nature, whether it is accepted or not, must be declared and registered with who?

Answer 130

Declare and register with Professional Standards any gift or benefit that is over the value of $50, and/or not token in nature.

Question 131

Question 138. According to the infection prevention and control manual - An infection occurs when another organism enters your body and causes disease. There are six main transmission routes, list four.

Answer 131

• Direct contact transmission with blood or body substances • Indirect contact transmission • Droplet transmission • Airborne transmission • Gastrointestinal transmission • Vector borne (Zoonotic) transmission.

Question 132

Question 139. According to SOGs - What is the unit of measurement for external radiation?

Answer 132

The International System of Units (SI) defines the measurement of radiation as a Sievert (Sv).

Question 133

Question 140. According to SOGs - The risk of developing asbestos related disease depends on many factors. List three factors.

Answer 133

• Concentration of exposure • Duration of exposure • Fibre characteristics • Other exposures

Question 134

Question 141. List and define the three zone systems as outlined in SOGs Scene Security.

Answer 134

• Hot Zone – where no personnel enter until a DRA determines appropriate actions and level of PPE. • Warm Zone – where Fire and Rescue NSW conducts its operations. • Cold Zone – where the Incident Control Point and support agencies are located and where the Police implement overall site control.

Question 135

Question 142. According to SOGs - Operators of aged care facilities have emergency plans, which include a staged evacuation plan. List the stage numbers including the stage FRNSW would likely be involved.

Answer 135

Stage 1 Residents removed from immediate danger – evacuated to an adjoining room or corridor. Stage 2 – FRNSW are likely to be involved from this stage - Residents removed from adjoining rooms and corridors, away from the emergency (fire, smoke, gas) – evacuated to an adjoining fire or smoke compartment, or another floor below the emergency. Stage 3 Residents completely evacuated from the building – evacuated to a nominated safe assembly area.

Question 136

Question 143. According to SOGs - During bushfire operations safeguarding strategy is not fire suppression but can be used when defensive operations are not safe. Describe the actions taken in this strategy.

Answer 136

• warn – tailored to the current situation and locality • move – support, assist and move, particularly vulnerable people to a safer location • protect – when moving to a safe location is impossible provide protection in whatever form necessary.

Question 137

Question 144. According to SOGs - At a high-rise structure fire, what area provides a safe location with building communications, control equipment and plans?

Answer 137

The Fire Control Room (FCR)

Question 138

Question 145. SOGs state - In some cases, mostly at larger structures and complexes it may not be appropriate to turn off power to the entire structure. List three of these structures or complexes.

Answer 138

• Industrial complexes • High-rise buildings • Health care facilities

Question 139

Question 146. According to the FRNSW smoke alarm installation procedure - When installing a smoke alarm in a residential dwelling, what is the most suitable fixing method to attach to surfaces.

Answer 139

Heavy duty double sided tape

Question 140

Question 147. Suspicious substance incidents (including suspicious package incidents) are multiagency incidents. FRNSW, the NSW Police Force and the Ambulance Service of NSW have developed multi-agency procedures to provide emergency services personnel with the knowledge, skills, and ability to ensure a consistent and safe approach for management and resolution of suspicious substance incidents. The level of risk can be identified by a colour. What are these colours?

Answer 140

RED (High Risk), BLUE (Medium Risk) GREEN (Low Risk).

Question 141

Question 148. Sexual Harassment is against the law and never acceptable. FRNSW adopts the legal definition of sexual harassment as per the Anti- Discrimination Act 1977. What constitutes sexual harassment as described in the Act?

Answer 141

The Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) which defines sexual harassment as “a person making an unwelcome sexual advance, or an unwelcome request for sexual favours, or engaging in other unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature in relation to the other person in circumstances in which a reasonable person, having regard to all the circumstances, would have anticipated that the other person would be offended, humiliated or intimidated”.

Question 142

Question 149. According to the procedure, list the requirements regarding qualifications for a full or part change of shift.

Answer 142

Replacement firefighters must have similar qualifications required to meet the needs of the position being filled on the particular shift, e.g. rescue, hazmat, pumper or aerial operator qualifications.

Question 143

Question 150. According to the procedure, arrangement for a full or part change of shift- The applicant must submit the form to their Station Commander or Supervisor at least how many hours in advance?

Answer 143

At least 24 hours in advance.

Question 144

Question 151. According to the FRNSW Act 1989, what is the definition of a hazardous material incident?

Answer 144

Hazardous material incident means an actual or impending land-based spillage or other escape of hazardous material that causes or threatens to cause injury or death or damage to property.

Question 145

Question 152. According to the NSW RFS and FRNSW Memorandum of Understanding, when responding to AFAs within the jurisdictional, responsibility of the RFS, the first arriving brigade can de activate the local alarm, who can carry out resetting of the alarm?

Answer 145

FRNSW

Question 146

Question 153. According to the Toolkit - Workplace Safety- Annual Workplace Safety Inspections aim to reduce the number of safety incidents by identifying and controlling a broad range of potential hazards in FRNSW-owned or leased workplaces. When must each FRNSW-owned or leased workplace be inspected by each year?

Answer 146

By the 31st May each year

Question 147

Question 155. According to SOGs - When using a hydrant booster, the IC will instruct the pump operator to run the hydrant booster system in one of three modes. List and describe all three.

Answer 147

Stand by mode 1. Connect up to four 70 mm hoses from the feed or street hydrant to the collector. 2. Connect an equal number of 70 mm hoses from the deliveries to booster inlets. 3. Remove leather strap and test movement of the main wheel valve. 4. Note the reading on the booster pressure gauge. 5. Advise IC ‘Hydrant/Sprinkler booster is now in Standby mode’. 6. Await instructions from the IC to go to another mode. Activation mode 1. Determine the required operating pressure from the IC. 2. Connect up to four 70 mm hoses from the feed or street hydrant to the collector and open the feed hydrants. 3. Connect an equal number of 70 mm hoses from the deliveries to the boost inlets and open the deliveries. 4. Remove leather strap and close the main wheel valve. (This will prevent backflow and contamination of the public water supply) 5. Increase pressure to the required level (allow 30 kPa per floor). 6. Advise IC ‘Hydrant booster is now in Activation mode at … kPa’. 7. Maintain pressure and flow, especially when hydrant pump is running. 8. Await instructions from the IC to vary the pressure or go to another mode. Deactivation mode 1. Reduce pressure and disengage the pump. 2. Open the main wheel valve and restore the leather strap. 3. Shut off the feed hydrants to the collectors. 4. Shut down the deliveries to the boost inlets. 5. Remove the hose. 6. Shut down the hydrant pump to further reduce pressure if required.

Question 148

Question 156. According to the workplace safety toolkit - Every workplace should have a prominently displayed Health & Safety Notice Board, list all documents that should be attached?

Answer 148

• SIRA Poster - If you get injured at work • Commissioner's Safety Statement • Safety and Wellbeing Plan 2021-2022 • FRNSW Return to Work Policy and • Program Summary Workplace • Evacuation Diagrams • WHS Issue Resolution Flowchart • Guide - NIIENM Submission Workflow • Safety information and Contacts • Safety Representatives Template • First Aid Officers Template (not necessary for stations) • Fire Warden Template (not necessary for stations)

Question 149

Question 157. According to Standing Orders - Smoke screen security devices produce a barrier of dense white fog when a monitored security alarm system is activated. FRNSW may be responded to buildings where the smoke screen has been activated and mistaken for a fire. What are two things’ firefighters should consider before entering the building?

Answer 149

1. intruders may still be in the building; 2. A real fire may have set off motion detectors and activated the smoke screen device.

Question 150

Question 158. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what is the definition of thermal capacity?

Answer 150

The amount of heat absorbed for any given increase in temperature.

Question 151

Question 159. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, flash fires and dust explosions are similar in conditions. Three conditions occur in both flash fires and dust explosions. Which conditions do NOT occur in both?

Answer 151

The explosive chemical reaction must occur in a confined space.

Question 152

Question 161. During a bushfire, a helicopter is carrying out hot refuelling operations to prepare for ongoing water bombing operations. According to SOGs, a designated Fire Protection Crew should follow what procedures?

Answer 152

1. Wear full PPE: • Full structural firefighting ensemble, including helmet and gloves • Flash hood • SCBA • Ear plugs – which provide sufficient protection at 50 metres 2. Do not become involved in refuelling or fire protection with extinguishers at the refuelling point. 3. Locate the appliance uphill, upwind, and at least 50 metres from the landing site, fuel pumps and fuel storage areas, and any incident on the airbase. 4. Stand by with lines of hose charged, foam eductor attached and Class B foam ready to be inducted. 5. Prevent water or foam streams from hitting the moving rotors.

Question 153

Question 162. A 6-level building has a fire burning on the 3rd level. Heat smoke and fire gases are gradually rising through vertical openings and spreading to floors above the fire. As per the Firefighters Training Manual, what factors will mostly affect the levels reached by these stratified layers?

Answer 153

• the type of fuel in the fire; • size of the fire; • size of the internal openings; • height of the building; and • the weather.

Question 154

Question 163. At a 4th alarm industrial unit fire, the Incident Commander (IC) had assigned Sector Commanders, a Safety Officer and a Staging Officer with four pumps initially in Staging. The IC later requested an extra six firefighters and a Station Commander from Staging, but there was only one pump in Staging. Why was this error not identified?

Answer 154

The Staging Officer has not informed the IC there was insufficient crews standing by in Staging Area

Question 155

Question 164. You are responding to a fire call in a Scania 320 pumper through small roundabouts in wet weather and the driver reports that the vehicle's brakes are operating independently and intermittently. In accordance with the Operations Bulletin 2014- 02, what actions should be taken?

Answer 155

The driver is travelling too quickly for the road conditions and must alter their driving behaviour.

Question 156

Question 165. According to the definitions in the STP, provide a detailed description of Hazard and Risk.

Answer 156

A hazard is anything in the workplace that has the potential to cause harm to a person. Hazards can be an object or thing; for example, an acetylene cylinder; a hazardous manual task; or the way work is done. A risk is the harm that may occur to a person exposed to a hazard.

Question 157

Question 168. You attend a 3rd Alarm structure fire, and the Incident Commander (IC) appoints you the Safety Officer. What is the Safety Officer responsible for? List five.

Answer 157

• Identify unsafe conditions or operations and report these to the IC (or Operations Officer if in place). • Correct unsafe work practices through the appropriate commander. If this affects strategy and tactics, inform the IC so that the incident action plan can be reviewed. • Communicate with commanders, to identify safety concerns and the control measures implemented. • Identify hazards likely to affect the safety, health, or welfare of personnel. Through the appropriate commander, ensure all those at the incident are properly briefed on these hazards, including measures to eliminate, prevent, or mitigate risks. • Assist the IC to complete the operational risk assessment and the risk assessment worksheet. Alternatively, conduct the operational risk assessment for the IC and communicate the assessment to the IC. • Confirm that all health and safety systems are in place – e.g. breathing apparatus control, rehabilitation, health monitoring. • Confirm that all utilities are identified and rendered safe. • Confirm that all those at the incident are aware of the location of the hazard zone, any exclusion zones, and any other designated areas. • Request the appointment of additional Safety Officers if needed. • Maintain awareness of the incident communications plan and incident action plan.

Question 158

Question 169. FRNSW use different methods to ventilate a structure. All ventilation methods require safety precautions. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what safety precautions should you practice during vertical or trench ventilation?

Answer 158

• don’t walk on spongy roofs. Sponginess in the roof is usually a sign that structural members have been weakened; • take care to prevent firefighters from sliding and falling; • exercise caution when working near electric wires; • ensure that firefighters making the opening are standing to the windward side of the cut and wearing the correct protective equipment; • watch for indications of weakening structure or other hazards; • apply extreme caution when using power tools; • keep a firm footing; • always have a means of retreat.

Question 159

Question 170. You are performing a fire duty after a fire at a factory. The cause is yet to be determined; the Fire Investigation and Research Unit (FIRU) and Police are at work. An employee asks if he can go and retrieve some personal belongings. According to Part 3 Section 32 of the Fire Brigades Regulation 2014, what is your correct course of action?

Answer 159

Ensure a person does not enter, or interfere with or remove goods from, premises at the site unless the person establishes the person’s identity and authority to do so, and if a person unlawfully enters, or interferes with or removes goods from, premises at the site—report the person to the officer in charge at the site.

Question 160

Question 171. According to SOGs, as the Incident Commander, you may choose a fast attack command position. What does fast attack enable the IC to do?

Answer 160

It allows the IC to operate away from a vehicle.

Question 161

Question 172. Hazardous chemical (Hazchem) emergency action codes provide information for the fire brigade and police on how to deal with a fire or spillage. What does the 3-digit code give basic information on?

Answer 161

1. Extinguishing medium 2. PPE required 3. Evacuation required

Question 162

Question 173. To extinguish a fire, we must remove one or more factors that form the fire triangle or fire tetrahedron. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what methods are used to remove one of these factors? List four.

Answer 162

1. starvation; 2. smothering; 3. cooling; and 4. interruption of the flame chain reaction

Question 163

Question 174. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, the use of water as an extinguishing medium on ships has some disadvantages. List three of the disadvantages.

Answer 163

• it is likely to damage cargo; • it may react dangerously with cargo; • it can affect a ship’s stability; • it always presents a danger of flooding; and • NSWFB equipment may not fit shipboard connections.

Question 164

Question 176. According to STP - Crews operating on levels above the fire should be constantly alert for the potential of fire extension. List the actions should crews take.

Answer 164

• Checking concealed spaces, including ducting and pipework with the TIC • Closing windows and moving flammable material away from windows • Always having charged lines of hose • Maintaining communication with outside crews, who can report any externally visible indicators of changed fire activity

Question 165

Question 177. You are responded to an aircraft on a runway with smoke issuing from behind the piston engine. All passengers and crew are out. It is a radial engine. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, how does the fire risk of this engine compare to an inline engine and what extinguishing medium would you use?

Answer 165

The radial type of engine presents the greater fire risk. Halons or CO2 are most effective in controlling these fires.

Question 166

Question 178. According to FRNSW Fatigue Management Procedure - Short-term fatigue management is the management of acute fatigue that may occur as a result of tasks undertaken by firefighters during work hours. As a guide, a break from these tasks should be taken how often?

Answer 166

At least every four hours.

Question 167

Question 179. You have been instructed to commence ventilation. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, when determining where ventilation needs to be carried out, what considerations need to be taken into account?

Answer 167

• the nature and proximity of exposures; • the size of the fire; • the seat of the fire; • the wind and weather conditions; • the type of building construction; and • the presence of vertical or horizontal openings and how they may affect ventilation.

Question 168

Question 180. According to SOGs, if co2 is used to extinguish a fire in an underground vault substation what is the minimum time it needs to be kept sealed within the vault?

Answer 168

Keep the vault closed and openings sealed for at least 20 minutes.

Question 169

Question 181. According to SOGs, what is the definition of decontamination?

Answer 169

Decontamination is the process of removing contaminants from people, clothing and equipment to prevent exposure to a contaminant and minimise spread of the contaminant.

Question 170

Question 182. During a bushfire, your sector contains an area where trees and grass are alight under high voltage power lines. According to SOGs, what are the safe working distances and what firefighting activities can you perform?

Answer 170

• Keep people and vehicles a minimum of 25 metres clear of a fire burning under or near power lines. • No firefighting under high voltage power lines.

Question 171

Question 183. You need to attach a delivery to the hydrant outlet. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, hydrants have what types of deliveries?

Answer 171

• double delivery; • elbow delivery; and • standpipe delivery

Question 172

Question 184. A BA team reports to a Breathing Apparatus Control Operator (BACO) two floors below the fire floor at a high-rise structure fire. They provide their BA tallies to the BACO and proceed to the fire floor but remain in the fire stairs for ten minutes before donning BA and beginning firefighting tasks. Ten minutes after that the BACO is trying to contact the Sector Commander urgently stating that they are running low on air when they are not. According to SOGs, what went wrong?

Answer 172

The BA wearer didn’t notify the BACO when they don their facemask and began using their air supply.

Question 173

Question 185. According to SOGs, there are five members of a decontamination team. Name all members.

Answer 173

• Decontamination Officer • Pump Operator and • Disrobe Assistant • Wash Operator and • Wash Assistant

Question 174

Question 186. At an incident, fire crews believe accelerants may have been used. According to Standing Orders, what are possible signs of accelerant use?

Answer 174

• characteristic burn pattern • indication of fire trailers • rapid fire development inconsistent with available combustible materials • unusual odours • damage to building consistent with a vapour explosion

Question 175

Question 187. You are in charge of firefighters providing fire protection during helicopter refuelling. You instruct them to wear full PPE. According to SOGs, what full PPE will they wear?

Answer 175

• full structural firefighting ensemble, including helmet and gloves • flash hood • SCBA • ear plugs.

Question 176

Question 188. Under the FRNSW Act 1989, define flammable matter?

Answer 176

Any substance capable of ignition or combustion by the application of heat, by means of sparks or spontaneously, and

Question 177

Question 189. According to SOGs- Bushfire classes are determined by the level of resources committed to the fire, and its potential impact on the community, economy, essential infrastructure, and not its size. Describe a Class 3 bushfire?

Answer 177

A major bushfire or fires where an appointment is made or is imminent under the provisions of Section 44 of the Rural Fires Act 1997.

Question 178

Question 190. In relation to toxic chemicals, what are the five main types of military warfare agents?

Answer 178

• Nerve or G agents • Blister agents or H agents (vesicants – skin & eye irritants) • Blood agents (chemical asphyxiates) • Choking agents (respiratory irritants) (One Missing?

Question 179

Question 191. You are first arriving Station Commander at a fire to find smoke issuing from a single level house. You have not conducted a 360° size up but have given your crew initial tasks. What actions would most assist in formally assuming command?

Answer 179

Confirm via radio report to FireCom that IC is in place and name the command. Then select an appropriate command position.

Question 180

Question 192. You respond to a High-Rise building. According to SOGs, High Rise buildings are generally described by what characteristics?

Answer 180

High-rise buildings are generally described as being more than 25 metres high or having more than 10 levels.

Question 181

Question 194. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what conditions should be determined before carrying out ventilation?

Answer 181

Before ventilating a building, you should determine the existence of the following four conditions: • the seat of the fire has been located; • crews are ready to enter with charged hose lines; • back-up crews are ready to enter; and • communications have been established amongst all crews.

Question 182

Question 195. You are the Incident Commander at a hazardous materials incident and find wastewater coming from an adjoining business is entering the Hot Zone and spreading contaminants. You order this water supply to be shut off, but the business owner next door complains that he will lose money by shutting down production. What are your general powers in this situation as stipulated under the FRNSW Act?

Answer 182

At the site of a hazardous material incident, the officer in charge may take such measures as the officer thinks proper for the protection and saving of life and property, for confining and ending the incident and for rendering the site safe.

Question 183

Question 196. FRNSW incident management is consistent with the Australasian Inter-service Incident Management System (AIIMS). What are the key principles of AIIMS?

Answer 183

• Flexibility – the method must be able to be applied across all types of incidents, with an incident structure and plans that reflect the needs of the incident. • Management by objectives – for every incident a set of objectives must be identified and a plan developed for managing those objectives. There can only be one set of objectives and one incident action plan. • Functional management – there are eight functional areas, or activates, that need to be managed – i.e. Control, Planning, Intelligence, Public Information, Operations, Investigation, Logistics and Finance. The Incident Commander is responsible for all functional areas but may choose to delegate one or more of the functions, depending upon the size and nature of the incident. • Unity of command – there must be only one Incident Commander; each individual must only report to one supervisor. • Span of control – an individual should only have 5 people reporting to them (optimal is 1:5 ratio), but this can vary between 1:3 to 1:7, depending upon the activity, geography, or nature of the incident.

Question 184

Question 197. According to SOGs, Describe the term “All Clear.”

Answer 184

Search and rescue have been completed and the Incident Controller is satisfied that all occupants have been accounted for.

Question 185

Question 199. You are the Incident Commander at a large factory fire. There are 8 pumps code 3 at the incident. According to SOGs, list two combinations could you allocate these pumps to achieve three-deep deployment?

Answer 185

1. Pump 1 - Hot zone. Pump 2 – Recycling. Pump 3 - On Deck. Pumps - 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 in Staging. 2. Pump 1 - Hot zone Sector Alpha. Pump 2 - Recycling Sector Alpha. Pump 3 - On Deck Sector Alpha. Pump 4 - Hot zone Sector Charlie. Pump 5 - Recycling Sector Charlie. Pump 6 - On Deck Sector Charlie. Pumps - 7 & 8 in Staging

Question 186

Question 200. FRNSW is committed to achieving the principles and requirements of the Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Policy, to achieve this what are all employees responsible for?

Answer 186

• Creating a culturally safe workplace environment which is free from discrimination and everyone is valued and treated with respect; • Working collaboratively to recognise and appreciate equity, diversity and inclusion; • Identifying and addressing any form of discrimination in the workplace.

Question 187

Question 201. According to the Transfer and Mobility Policy, list the reasons permanent Officers and Firefighters may seek transfer or be transferred to other locations.

Answer 187

• Career development • Operational capability (skills and qualifications development) • Compassionate issues/staff welfare • Location based transfers • Performance /disciplinary

Question 188

Question 202. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what does the term latent heat of vaporisation refer to?

Answer 188

The amount of heat required to vaporise a unit weight of the extinguishing medium.

Question 189

Question 203. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, water is drawn from various types of water mains. Name the types of mains.

Answer 189

• Trunk mains • Distributary mains • Reticulation mains

Question 190

Question 205. Insulated Sandwich Panels (ISPs), especially those with Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) cores can create an extremely hazardous environment for firefighters and may force adoption of a defensive strategy from an early stage. According to SOGs, what are the reasons for this?

Answer 190

1. EPS melts and flows like a liquid. It is highly flammable, inducing rapid fire spread, which is undetectable with thermal imaging cameras (due to the insulating properties of the panels) and can spread to areas remote from the fire origin. 2. Panel delamination, where the hot metal panel skins bow and open up, rapidly increases the rate of fire spread, which heats the ceiling void, creates secondary pool fires from melted EPS, and causes panels to collapse. 3. There is an increased risk of flashover and backdraught. 4. Large volumes of toxic, thick, black, acrid smoke are produced. 5. Sudden, loss of structural integrity may cause substantial building collapse.

Question 191

Question 206. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are the main types of aircraft?

Answer 191

• civil; • military; and • Helicopters (civil and military).

Question 192

Question 207. According to SOGs, when responding into a Rural Fire District, when are you required to send a Code 6?

Answer 192

− Immediately it becomes apparent to the Officer-in-Charge (OIC) of an FRNSW appliance that they have received a call to an incident located within a Rural Fire District, or − With the Code 1 (responding) message if it is known at the time of the call that the incident is in a Rural Fire District.

Question 193

Question 208. According to Operations Bulletin 2023-02. List the risk management measures that should be taken when attending incidents involving hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).

Answer 193

• Conduct atmospheric monitoring with a four head gas detector for LEL’s to detect if hydrogen is leaking. • Use a thermal imaging camera (TIC) to identify if hydrogen fire is present. • Conduct thermal checks on the battery using a TIC to determine whether thermal runaway may be occurring within the lithium-ion battery. Increasing temperature is an indication that a thermal runaway event may be occurring. If so, use a hose stream to cool. • Establish an exclusion zone (minimum 15 m) around any hydrogen FCEV incident.

Question 194

Question 209. The operation (or non-operation) of the pressure relief valve on an LPG storage or transport container does not necessarily mean that a BLEVE is imminent. However, if the valve is operating on an LPG storage container that has no odorant and is labelled accordingly the internal pressure of the cylinder may be rising. According to the Firefighters Training Manual, what are indicators of a possible BLEVE?

Answer 194

• Any increase in the noise level from the valve; or • Any sign of bulging or blistering on the outside of the tank or cylinder.

Question 195

Question 210. In accordance with SOGs, when developing objectives, strategies and tactics what should be considered?

Answer 195

Situational Awareness – • critical factors and hazards • IAP • Who is attending the fire

Question 196

Question 211. You are the Officer in Charge at a hazardous materials incident, and the site manager is failing to cooperate. You advise the site manager of your authority to enter and operate under the FRNSW Act, what does it state?

Answer 196

The Commissioner is authorised to enter, by his or her agents, any land, building or vessel where any fire or hazardous material incident has occurred and to retain possession of the land, building or vessel for a reasonable time or until an inquest or inquiry has been held relating to the fire or incident.

Question 197

Question 212. According to the Toolkit - Conduct - Respectful Workplaces, Clear communication is one of the best ways to build a respectful workplace and to avoid conflict. What is the tool that will help employees to communicate clearly when addressing difficult topics?

Answer 197

Straight Talk

Question 198

Question 213. According to the Toolkit - Mental fitness- What program offers an external service that provides professional and confidential counselling/coaching to help you with challenges, issues or concerns that may be affecting you at work or home.

Answer 198

Employee Assistance Program (EAP)

Question 199

Question 214. According to SOGs - During the de-escalation of an incident, at what stage is command terminated?

Answer 199

Command is only terminated when the last resource leaves the incident

Question 200

Question 215. What are principles of situational evaluation in incident management?

Answer 200

1. The IC must identify a set of critical factors and process them into an IAP 2. The IC can only deal with 3-7 critical factors at any one time 3. Collecting and evaluating information may start before arriving on scene 4. Once on scene further info is collected and rapidly excluded via the initial size up 5. Critical factors must be communicated to FireCom 6. The IC should continually collect info during the incident 7. Critical factors may change rapidly so the IAP may need to change 8. The size up and decision making may need to be rapid 9. Situational evaluation only ends when command is terminated 10. Anyone can collect information regarding critical factors

Question 201

Question 216. According to Recommended Practice, state why the thermal imaging camera may or may not be suitable for use in a flammable atmosphere.

Answer 201

Thermal imaging cameras are not intrinsically safe.

Question 202

Question 217. According to SOGs - A major goal for the IC is to develop an Incident Action Plan for the incident. What is an incident action plan?

Answer 202

An Incident Action Plan (IAP) is the plan developed by the IC that describes, at any one point, how the IC plans to resolve or control the incident.

Question 203

Question 218. According to SOGs - What are the terms used in an initial radio report, to indicate the size of a structure at a fire incident.

Answer 203

• Small • Medium • Large • Very large • Mega

Question 204

Question 219. As stated in SOGs - Example -Initial radio report - The initial radio report (IRR) is sent by the first arriving officer to FireCOM. It time-stamps command, confirms and identifies the IC, and records initial details about the incident. It should be in Conditions, Actions, Needs (CAN) format and should include-

Answer 204

• Confirmation of address. • Conditions: Brief description of the incident; obvious critical factors including hazards. • Actions: Initial incident action plan (IAP); assumption of command and naming of incident; strategy. • Needs: Increase of alarm level as per the Alarm Response Protocol (ARP), or, in areas where this does not operate, request for particular resources as per local arrangements (FireCOM will confirm the availability of requested resources).

Question 205

Question 220. According to Standing Orders - The Community Activities Reporting System (CARs) nis the platform for reporting community activities engaged in at a station level and by our other specialist units. Who is authorised to enter completed activities in CARs.

Answer 205

Any member of the crews participating in the activity can complete the report, provided that they have direct knowledge of the information they are submitting

Question 206

Question 221. According to FRNSW Cyber Security policy - Employees are responsible to protect the information they use and manage as part of their daily job. Employees are expected to complete Cyber Security Awareness Training how often?

Answer 206

Annually

Question 207

Question 222. According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - There are two types of broad area prescribed burns. What are they?

Answer 207

• Simple • Complex

Question 208

Question 223. According to the Bushfire Hazard reduction procedure - Pile burns may be carried out by FRNSW to dispose of vegetation resulting from what activities?

Answer 208

• removal of bushfire fuels • bush regeneration/weed removal from authorised activities e.g. Landcare on behalf of local council • Agricultural activities.

Question 209

Question 224. According to the Bushfire hazard reduction policy - List occasions when prescribed burning conducted by FRNSW is not permitted in a fire district.

Answer 209

Burning is not permitted in a fire district on days when: • there is a total fire ban (TOBAN) • the EPA has issued a No-Burn Notice (unless prior exemption has been granted) • the Fire Behaviour Index (FBI) is greater than 23**

Question 210

Question 225. According to CASE STUDY 2023-06 on the Intranet, four firefighters injured by unauthorised equipment - During 2020-2021, four firefighters required treatment in hospital after being injured by unauthorised equipment that had been brought into FRNSW workplaces. What is FRNSWs definition of unauthorised equipment as described in the case study?

Answer 210

Unauthorised equipment is any item which is purchased, introduced, or used within an FRNSW workplace that has not first met the requirements of the Procurement Manual. This includes equipment which has not been obtained via the Electronic Supply Catalogue (ESCAT) or through an approved Request Purchase Order (RPO).

Question 211

Question 226. When conveying sensitive information on an open channel what should be considered as listed in SOGs?

Answer 211

The feelings of non-operational personnel and members of the public who may over hear messages. Turn outside speakers off.

Question 212

Question 228. According STP - Who must give consent for PIP inspections to be conducted on a premises?

Answer 212

PIP inspections shall only be conducted with the consent of the building owner or occupier of the building

Question 213

Question 229. According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the door entry techniques that can be used with the Halligan tool?

Answer 213

• Inward Adze Roll Technique • Fork Drive • Outward Adze (drive and steer)

Question 214

Question 230. According to Six Minute Intensive Training-Door entry - What are the five steps to forcing a door?

Answer 214

1. Size up 2. Gap 3. Set 4. Force 5. Control

Question 215

Question 231. According to Six Minute Intensive Training - During Firefighting Operations, what does fire attack crew never ignore?

Answer 215

Fire Attack crew never ignores a CASUALTY

Question 216

Question 232. According to Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations-The objective of a search is to confirm an ALL CLEAR, this is usually broken into what two components?

Answer 216

A Primary and a Secondary Search

Question 217

Question 233. According to SOGs - Describe the terms withdraw and abandon as used by the IC to indicate to crews the urgency required to move from offensive to a defensive strategy.

Answer 217

• Withdraw – this indicates that firefighters have enough time to exit the structure or the position they are working in, with all their equipment, in a controlled manner. It is usually given by the IC in response to a tactical CAN report. • Abandon – this indicates that there is an immediate threat to firefighter lives and the firefighters must exit the structure or position they are working in immediately and only bring equipment with them if it will not compromise their safety. This could be that a fire has rapidly escalated, wall collapse is imminent, or a trench is about to collapse.

Question 218

Question 234. As stated in Six Minute Intensive Training – Search and rescue during firefighting operations - What signs would indicate it’s time to withdraw?

Answer 218

• Worsening fire/smoke conditions • Signs of structural collapse • Previously unknown hazards e.g. Acetylene • Emergency Radio Message signalling: 1. Loss of PAR 2. Change to a Defensive Strategy via an order from the I.C. to Withdraw or Abandon

Question 219

Question 235. According to Safety Bulletin 2023-03 TIC lanyard entanglement risk - If the TIC needs to be handed between members of firefighting or search and rescue teams what is the safest method to pass to the front firefighter?

Answer 219

Around the side of the body of the front firefighter and not over the shoulder

Question 220

Question 236. According to Six Minute Intensive Training, what is the purpose of placing an appliance in the fend off position?

Answer 220

It uses the appliances bulk and visibility to form a physical barrier protecting FRNSW personnel, other emergency services and patients from oncoming traffic.

Question 221

Question 237. According to the SIMS worksheet - Warning gear is used to mark off incidents sites and warn the public that FRNSW operations are nearby. As listed on the worksheet list three forms of warning gear.

Answer 221

1. Eflare or strobe kit 2. Hazard Ahead sign 3. Barrier and hazmat Hot Zone tape 4. Witch’s hats 5. Breakdown road triangles.

Question 222

Question 238. According to the SIMS Worksheet - All extinguishers are inspected and serviced by who and at what timeframes?

Answer 222

By a competent person six monthly, annually and five yearly

Question 223

Question 239. According to STP - What removal technique provides a time efficient technique that removes an unconscious or decreased level of consciousness firefighter from their equipment providing access for assessment and further medical intervention?

Answer 223

Firefighter down - Mayday Drag

Question 224

Question 240. According to SOGs when responded to a Community First Responder incident and the patient refuses care. What should you do?

Answer 224

If care is refused, observe the patient until the ambulance arrives. Assume an unconscious patient wants assistance. If a patient previously refusing treatment loses consciousness, treat them.

Question 225

Question 242. According to Recommended practice - To ensure visibility, firefighters must always wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when working on roadways. List the PPE that can be used.

Answer 225

• Structural firefighting coat • Multi-purpose coat • High visibility vest • High-visibility raincoat • Duty wear trousers • Structural firefighting trousers

Question 226

Question 243. According to SOGs - Occasionally, FRNSW personnel may have to prepare a helicopter landing site. List the points to be considered when doing this.

Answer 226

• position the landing site in an area 30 m x 30 m minimum, on solid, level ground away from power lines or wires, and clear of trees or similar obstacles • mark the corners of the landing site by placing a firefighter at each corner and cordon off to prevent unauthorised entry. Do not use tape or loose materials • clear all loose debris from the area, e.g. paper bags, cigarette cartons, aluminium cans etc, and secure all NSWFB equipment near the landing site • in dry, dusty conditions, the landing site may require wetting down to maintain visibility during landing and take-off.

Question 227

Question 244. According to SOGs - Structure Fires in Rural Fire Districts- Where FRNSW is requested to assist the NSW RFS at a structure fire in a rural Fire District who will be the Incident Controller?

Answer 227

The senior officer from the NSW RFS present at the fire will be the Incident Controller.

Question 228

Question 245. According to Recommended practice, list four safety precautions when using extension ladders.

Answer 228

• The maximum number of persons permitted on the ladder at any time is two. • Exercise care when ascending and descending ladders. • Firefighters climbing the ladder must ensure they have 3 points of contact on the ladder. A point of contact is either a hand holding a rung, or a foot firmly placed on a rung. • A firefighter must always foot the ladder by standing on the anti-slip feet and holding either the rungs or the handles when anybody is on the ladder. • Maintain a working angle of 4:1. For every 4 metres the head of the ladder extends up the wall, the base of the ladder must be a metre from the wall. If the head extends 8 metres up the wall, the base must be 2 metres from the wall, etc.

Question 229

Question 246. According to SOGs - When must Level 1 or Level 2 Rehabilitation be considered?

Answer 229

At all emergency incidents and training exercises involving strenuous physical activity, long duration activities, or severe environmental conditions.

Question 230

Question 247. According to SOGs - What two items do FRNSW use that lays out safe working practices to manage the safety of firefighters at incidents?

Answer 230

• Training • Doctrine

Question 231

Question 248. According to SOGs - There are many aspects to ensuring safety at an incident, from the IC implementing the correct strategy, down to the firefighters wearing the right PPE for their assigned tasks. Incident safety can therefore be described in terms of what three levels?

Answer 231

• Task • Tactical • Strategic

Question 232

Question 249. Describe the term Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL).

Answer 232

The short term exposure limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration of a substance to which a worker may be exposed for no more than 15 minutes, 4 times a day over an 8 hour day with 60 minutes between exposures.

Question 233

Question 250. According to SOGs - What safety related worksheet is used as method of documenting hazards or risks and control measures at an incident?

Answer 233

Incident safety worksheet