Leadership & Navigation Competency

Question 1

Leadership theory that states that leaders possess certain innate characteristics that followers do not possess (and probably cannot acquire), such as physical characteristics and personality traits.

Answer 1

Trait Theory

Question 2

Motivation theory that states that the way a person interprets the causes for past success or failure is related to the present level of motivation; includes theories of Heider and Weiner.

Answer 2

Attribution theory

Question 3

Leadership approach in which the leader invites followers to collaborate and commits to acting by consensus.

Answer 3

Democratic leadership approach

Question 4

Power that is created when the leader can punish those who do not follow.

Answer 4

Coercive power

Question 5

Leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s preference for order and structure; focuses on control and short-term planning.

Answer 5

Transactional leadership

Question 6

Theory that states that motivation is based on an employee’s sense of fairness; the individual compares their perceived value with that of others in similar roles and makes a calculation based on their inputs and outputs.

Answer 6

Equity theory

Question 7

Power that is created by the force of the leader’s personality.

Answer 7

Referent power

Question 8

Leadership approach in which the leader creates strong relationships with and inside the team; team members are motivated by loyalty.

Answer 8

Affiliative leadership approach

Question 9

Power that is created when the leader can offer followers something they value in exchange for their commitment.

Answer 9

Reward power

Question 10

Motivation theory that states that effort increases in relation to one’s confidence that the behavior will result in a positive outcome and reward; includes Vroom’s theory.

Answer 10

Expectancy theory

Question 11

Leadership theory that focuses on a two-way relationship between leaders and chosen employees; the leader mentors selected team members and gives them access to more information and resources in order to strengthen levels of trust and support.

Answer 11

Leader-member exchange theory

Question 12

Leadership approach in which the leader sets a model for high performance standards and challenges followers to meet these expectations.

Answer 12

Pacesetting leadership approach

Question 13

Power that is created when a leader is recognized as possessing great intelligence, insight, or experience.

Answer 13

Expert power

Question 14

Power that is created formally, through a title or position in the hierarchy that is associated with the rights of leadership.

Answer 14

Legitimate power

Question 15

Motivation theory that states that individuals are motivated by a desire to satisfy certain needs and that understanding these needs allows leaders to offer the right incentives and create the most motivational external environments; includes self-determination and theories of Maslow, Herzberg, and McClelland.

Answer 15

Needs theory

Question 16

Motivation theories dealing with the amount of control in the workplace; motivation is seen as either absolutely irrelevant (X) or absolutely critical (Y).

Answer 16

Theory X/Theory Y

Question 17

Leadership theory in which the leaders’ goal is to serve the needs of their employees; emphasizes the sharing of power.

Answer 17

Servant leadership

Question 18

Category of leadership theories that states that leaders can flex their behaviors to meet the needs of unique situations, employing both task or directive behaviors and relationship or supportive behaviors; includes Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership, Fiedler’s contingency theory, and path-goal theory.

Answer 18

Situational theories

Question 19

Leadership approach in which the leader focuses on developing team members’ skills, believing that success comes from aligning the organization’s goals with employees’ personal and professional goals

Answer 19

Coaching leadership approach

Question 20

Leadership theory that states that leaders are not appointed but emerge from the group, which chooses the leader based on interactions.

Answer 20

Emergent theory

Question 21

Category of leadership theories that states that leaders influence group members through certain behaviors; includes Blake-Mouton theory.

Answer 21

Behavioral theories

Question 22

Factors that initiate, direct, and sustain human behavior over time.

Answer 22

Motivation

Question 23

Theory that states that motivation can be increased by providing employees with goals against which they can assess their achievement.

Answer 23

Goal-setting theory

Question 24

Leadership approach in which the leader proposes a bold vision or solution and invites the team to join this challenge.

Answer 24

Authoritative leadership approach

Question 25

Leadership approach in which the leader imposes a vision or solution on the team and demands that the team follow this directive.

Answer 25

Coercive leadership approach

Question 26

Leadership theory that emphasizes a leader’s ability to inspire employees to embrace change; leaders encourage and motivate employees to innovate and seek out changes that can add value and growth to the organization.

Answer 26

Transformational leadership

Question 27

Behavioral leadership theory that involves managing and five types of managers.

Answer 27

Blake-Mouton Theory

Question 28

(Low task, high relationship) create a secure atmosphere and trust individuals to accomplish goals, avoiding punitive actions so as not to jeopardize relationships.

Answer 28

Country club managers

Question 29

(Low task, low relationship) use a “delegate-and-disappear” management style. They detach themselves, often creating power struggles.

Answer 29

Impoverished managers

Question 30

(High task, low relationship) expect people to do what they are told without question and tend not to foster collaboration.

Answer 30

Authoritarian managers

Question 31

(Midpoint on both task and relationship) get the work done but are not considered leaders.

Answer 31

Middle-of-the-road managers

Question 32

(High task, high relationship) lead by positive example, foster a team environment, and encourage individual and team development.

Answer 32

Team leaders

Question 33

Leaders adapt their behaviors to meet the evolving needs of team members. Leaders supply the appropriate behavior of telling, selling, participating, and delegating.

Answer 33

Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership

Question 34

Leaders change the situation to make it more “favorable,” more likely to produce good outcomes.

Answer 34

Fiedler’s Contingency Theory

Question 35

This theory emphasizes the leader’s role in coaching and developing followers’ competencies. The leader performs the behavior needed to help employees stay on track toward their goals. This involves addressing different types of employee needs - directive, supportive, achievement, participative.

Answer 35

Path-Goal Theory

Question 36

A needs theory that has five basic categories of needs that must be met in an ascending order: physiological, safety & security, belonging & love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Answer 36

Maslow

Question 37

Motivation-hygiene theory that states behavior is driven by intrinsic factors (innate desires) and extrinsic factors (workplace hygiene).

Answer 37

Herzberg

Question 38

A needs theory that states individuals are motivated by three basic desires - achievement, affiliation, and power.

Answer 38

McClelland

Question 39

A needs theory that states individuals are motivated by innate needs, such as competence (McClelland’s achievement) and relatedness (McClelland’s affiliation), but also by needs for autonomy and purpose.

Answer 39

Self-determination

Question 40

An expectancy theory that states the level of effort depends on - expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

Answer 40

Vroom

Question 41

An attribution theory that states success or failure can be attributed to internal factors (for example, skills, diligence) or external factors (for example, available resources, market events).

Answer 41

Heider, Weiner