LE2 - Blood and Hematopoiesis, Nervous Tissue and Nervous System, Muscle Tissues and Lymphatic Tissue

Question 1

1. Identify the cell.

Answer 1

Neutrophil

Question 2

2. Which layer of the centrifuged blood is it found?

Answer 2

Buffy Coat

Question 3

3. Identify the tissue.

Answer 3

RED BONE MARROW, BONE MARROW

Question 4

What growth factor facilitates its differentiation?

Answer 4

THROMBOPOIETIN

Megakaryocyte and red cell production

Question 5

5. Identify the RBC stage

Answer 5

ORTHOCHROMATOPHILIC ERYTHROBLAST

PB-PORE

Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte.
**
o Proerythroblast:
▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm).
o Basophilic Erythroblast:
▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. Stops RNA Production, reached the peak.
o Polychromatic Erythroblast:
▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). Observable Hemoglobin Stages. As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis.
o Orthochromic Erythroblast:
▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation.
o Reticulocyte:
▪ No Nucleus (Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern);
▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood.
▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 6

6. Identify the shape of the cells below

Answer 6

BICONCAVE DISC

Question 7

A decrease in erythropoietin will suggest a disease in which organ?

Answer 7

KIDNEY

Question 8

What blood cell is elevated in a patient with the picture below?

Answer 8

EOSINOPHIL

Question 9

Identify the cell

Answer 9

LYMPHOCYTE

Question 10

Give one function

Answer 10

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION,
IMMUNOLOGY, DESTROYS CANCER
CELLS, VIRUSES, TRANSPLANTS

Question 11

Identify the “type” of muscle

Answer 11

STRIATED MUSCLE

Question 12

Identify the “type” of muscle.

Answer 12

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Question 13

Identify the “type” of muscle.

Answer 13

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Question 14

Identify “marked” segment. (red bracket)

Answer 14

A BAND

Question 15

Identify “marked” segment. (red bracket)

Answer 15

I BAND

Question 16

Identify this segment of muscle innervation. (yellow circle)

Answer 16

MOTOR END PLATE

Question 17

Identify this part of the cardiac conduction system. (yellow arrows)

Answer 17

PURKINJE FIBERS

Question 18

Identify “marked” segment. (red brackets)

Answer 18

SARCOMERE

Question 19

Identify pointed structure. (black arrows)

Answer 19

INTERCALATED DISCS

Question 20

Identify this connective tissue covering. (black arrows)

Answer 20

PERIMYSIUM

Connective Tissue Coverings: Endomysium, Perimysium, Epimysium. *Subtype: Fibrous.
o Endomysium – Loose Connective Tissue; Covers individual myocytes.
o Perimysium – Dense Irregular Connective Tissue; Covers each muscle bundle or fascicle.
o Epimysium – Dense Irregular Connective Tissue; Covers the whole muscle.

Question 21

Identify the structure pointed at. BE SPECIFIC.

Answer 21

AXON HILLOCK

Question 22

Identify structures pointed.

Answer 22

AXON TERMINAL BUTTONS, TERMINAL BUTTONS,
SYNAPSES

Question 23

Identify structure pointed at by the blue arrow.

Answer 23

OLIGODENDROCYTE

Question 24

What are the stained cytoplasmic cell clumps?

Answer 24

NISSL BODIES

Question 25

Identify structure pointed at.

Answer 25

SCHWANN CELL, SCHWANN, NEUROLEMMOCYTES

Question 26

Identify pointed structures.

Answer 26

MYELIN SHEATHS, MYELIN SHEATH

Question 27

Identify structure pointed at by the yellow arrowhead labelled A

Answer 27

NODE OF RANVIER

Question 28

Identify cells found in this image.

Answer 28

ASTROCYTES

Question 29

Identify the cell pointed at by the black arrow.

Answer 29

OLIGODENDROCYTE, OLIGODENDROCYTES

Question 30

What type of neuron is C?

Answer 30

UNIPOLAR NEURON ## Footnote A : Bipolar (Interneuron) B : Multipolar (Motor Neuron) C : Unipolar (Sensory Neuron)

Question 31

What cells are pointed by what arrows?

Answer 31

PLASMA, PLASMA CELLS, PLASMA CELL

Question 32

What cells are colored white?

Answer 32

ADIPOCYTES, ADIPOSE, ADIPOSE TISSUE CELLS, ADIPOSE TISSUE

Question 33

Identify the cell pointed

Answer 33

Adipocytes

Question 34

Identify the cell

Answer 34

Proerythroblast | Erythropoiesis : PB-PORE ## Footnote **Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte. ** **o Proerythroblast:** ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (*Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm). **o Basophilic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. *Stops RNA Production, reached the peak. **o Polychromatic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (*Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (*Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). *Observable Hemoglobin Stages. *As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis. **o Orthochromic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (*Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation. **o Reticulocyte:** ▪ No Nucleus (*Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern); ▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood. ▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 35

Identify the cell

Answer 35

Basophilic Erythroblast | Erythropoiesis : PB-PORE ## Footnote **Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte. ** **o Proerythroblast:** ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (*Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm). **o Basophilic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. *Stops RNA Production, reached the peak. **o Polychromatic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (*Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (*Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). *Observable Hemoglobin Stages. *As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis. **o Orthochromic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (*Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation. **o Reticulocyte:** ▪ No Nucleus (*Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern); ▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood. ▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 36

Identify the cell

Answer 36

Polychromatic Erythroblast | Erythropoiesis : PB-PORE ## Footnote **Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte. ** **o Proerythroblast:** ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (*Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm). **o Basophilic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. *Stops RNA Production, reached the peak. **o Polychromatic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (*Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (*Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). *Observable Hemoglobin Stages. *As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis. **o Orthochromic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (*Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation. **o Reticulocyte:** ▪ No Nucleus (*Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern); ▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood. ▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 37

Identify the cell

Answer 37

Orthochromic Erythroblast | Erythropoiesis : PB-PORE ## Footnote **Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte. ** **o Proerythroblast:** ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (*Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm). **o Basophilic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. *Stops RNA Production, reached the peak. **o Polychromatic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (*Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (*Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). *Observable Hemoglobin Stages. *As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis. **o Orthochromic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (*Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation. **o Reticulocyte:** ▪ No Nucleus (*Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern); ▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood. ▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 38

Answer 38

Reticulocyte ## Footnote **Erythropoiesis: Proerythroblast, Basophilic Erythroblast, Polychromatic Erythroblast; Ortochromic Erythroblast,Reticulocyte, Erythrocyte. ** **o Proerythroblast:** ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor of RBC; Cells are large; (+) Nucleoli; Basophilic Cytoplasm; Cells are Mitotic (*Undergo cellular division; Actively producing RNA → Basophilic Cytoplasm). **o Basophilic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than erythroblast; (-) Nucleoli (Nucleolus disappeared); Intensely Basophilic cytoplasm because of Ribosomes. *Stops RNA Production, reached the peak. **o Polychromatic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller than its precursor; Condensed Checkerboard Nucleus (*Nucleus starts to condense in not uniform manner; “Checkerboard Appearance”); Gray-Green Cytoplasm because of hemoglobin accumulation (*Hemoglobin Begins to Rise + Ribosomes = Gray-Green). *Observable Hemoglobin Stages. *As long there are RNA, it is followed by hemoglobin synthesis. **o Orthochromic Erythroblast:** ▪ Smaller Pyknotic Nucleus (*Nucleus is uniformly condensed; About to extruded out; “Small Condensed Nucleus); “Normoblast”; Last stage where nucleus is seen; Pink Cytoplasm due to hemoglobin accumulation. **o Reticulocyte:** ▪ No Nucleus (*Extruded out; “Absent Nucleus”); Pink-Orange with Bluish Hue (Due to Remaining Ribosomes); Reticular Network seen on Cresyl Blue (*Ribosomes in network like pattern); ▪ High Number: Indicative of Massive Chronic or Severe loss of blood. ▪ Low Number: Indicative of Suppression of BM; Chemotherapy, Aplastic Anemia, Pernicious Anemia, Forms of Bone Malignancies. *Number in circulation is good indicator of BM activity.

Question 39

Answer 39

Myeloblast | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote myeloblast is the most immature recognizable cell in the myeloid series

Question 40

Answer 40

Promyelocyte | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Promyelocyte: ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor; Cells are large; Large nucleus; Mitotically active; (+) Nucleoli; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules (*Present in all granulocytes); *Round Nucleus. ▪ *Primary granules secreted in Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Zone)

Question 41

Answer 41

Neurophilic Myelocyte | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Myelocyte: ▪ Wide range in cell size (*Morphologically, large or small); Mitotically active. ▪ Frequently Indented Round Nucleus; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules; (+) Lilac-Staining Specific Granules (*Neutrophil). *Stage with both non-specific & specific granules.

Question 42

Answer 42

Neurophilic Metamyelocyte | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Metamyelocyte: ▪ Smaller; Flattened Nucleus (Nucleus becomes flattened); Primary granules start to disappear; (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. *Golgi Apparatus reduced.

Question 43

Answer 43

Neutrophil | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Promyelocyte: ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor; Cells are large; Large nucleus; Mitotically active; (+) Nucleoli; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules (*Present in all granulocytes); *Round Nucleus. ▪ *Primary granules secreted in Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Zone) o Myelocyte: ▪ Wide range in cell size (*Morphologically, large or small); Mitotically active. ▪ Frequently Indented Round Nucleus; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules; (+) Lilac-Staining Specific Granules (*Neutrophil). *Stage with both non-specific & specific granules. o Metamyelocyte: ▪ Smaller; Flattened Nucleus (Nucleus becomes flattened); Primary granules start to disappear; (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. *Golgi Apparatus reduced. o Band: ▪ Horse-shoe Shaped Nucleus (Nucleus becomes horse-shoe shaped); (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. o *Granulocytes → Nucleus becomes segmented into lobes.

Question 44

Answer 44

Eosinophil | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Promyelocyte: ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor; Cells are large; Large nucleus; Mitotically active; (+) Nucleoli; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules (*Present in all granulocytes); *Round Nucleus. ▪ *Primary granules secreted in Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Zone) o Myelocyte: ▪ Wide range in cell size (*Morphologically, large or small); Mitotically active. ▪ Frequently Indented Round Nucleus; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules; (+) Lilac-Staining Specific Granules (*Neutrophil). *Stage with both non-specific & specific granules. o Metamyelocyte: ▪ Smaller; Flattened Nucleus (Nucleus becomes flattened); Primary granules start to disappear; (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. *Golgi Apparatus reduced. o Band: ▪ Horse-shoe Shaped Nucleus (Nucleus becomes horse-shoe shaped); (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. o *Granulocytes → Nucleus becomes segmented into lobes.

Question 45

Answer 45

Basophil | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Promyelocyte: ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor; Cells are large; Large nucleus; Mitotically active; (+) Nucleoli; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules (*Present in all granulocytes); *Round Nucleus. ▪ *Primary granules secreted in Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Zone) o Myelocyte: ▪ Wide range in cell size (*Morphologically, large or small); Mitotically active. ▪ Frequently Indented Round Nucleus; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules; (+) Lilac-Staining Specific Granules (*Neutrophil). *Stage with both non-specific & specific granules. o Metamyelocyte: ▪ Smaller; Flattened Nucleus (Nucleus becomes flattened); Primary granules start to disappear; (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. *Golgi Apparatus reduced. o Band: ▪ Horse-shoe Shaped Nucleus (Nucleus becomes horse-shoe shaped); (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. o *Granulocytes → Nucleus becomes segmented into lobes.

Question 46

Answer 46

Lymphocyte

Question 47

Answer 47

Monocyte

Question 48

Answer 48

Band Neutrophil | Granulopoiesis (MPM-MBG) : BEN ## Footnote o Promyelocyte: ▪ Earliest identifiable precursor; Cells are large; Large nucleus; Mitotically active; (+) Nucleoli; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules (*Present in all granulocytes); *Round Nucleus. ▪ *Primary granules secreted in Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Zone) o Myelocyte: ▪ Wide range in cell size (*Morphologically, large or small); Mitotically active. ▪ Frequently Indented Round Nucleus; (+) Purple Staining Azurophilic Non-Specific Granules; (+) Lilac-Staining Specific Granules (*Neutrophil). *Stage with both non-specific & specific granules. o Metamyelocyte: ▪ Smaller; Flattened Nucleus (Nucleus becomes flattened); Primary granules start to disappear; (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. *Golgi Apparatus reduced. o Band: ▪ Horse-shoe Shaped Nucleus (Nucleus becomes horse-shoe shaped); (+) Lilac Staining Specific Granules. o *Granulocytes → Nucleus becomes segmented into lobes.

Question 49

Identify

Answer 49

Cerebral Cortex

Question 50

Identify the 2 layers:

Answer 50

Molecular & Granular Layer | Cerebral Cortex

Question 51

Parenchyma/Cell?

Answer 51

Pyramidal Cell

Question 52

Identify the following?

Answer 52

A. Cerebral cortex, B. Dura mater C. Arachnoid mater D. Pia mater