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My Anatomy Sem 2 > LE > Flashcards

LE Flashcards

1
Q

Knees Up Mother Brown Hip flexor innervation? Knee Extensor elevation?

A

Hip flexors - L2-L3 Knee Extensors L4

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2
Q

Heel Walking innervation?

A

L4-L5

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3
Q

Ankle dorsiflexion innervation?

A

L5

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4
Q

Great Toe extension innervation?

A

L5

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5
Q

Walk on toes/plantar flexion innervation?

A

S1

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6
Q

What is the ligament of the head of the femur?

A

Ligamentum teres Teres means round Proximal femur head –> acetabulum

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7
Q

If blood supply is disrupted to femur head what occurs?

A

Avascular necrosis of the femur head.

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8
Q

What happens to the distal fragments in the femoral neck fracture?

A

Fragments are acted upon by the muscles Strongest muscles determine movement of the distal fragments

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9
Q

Hip Fracture would appear in the leg how?

A

External rotation and foreshortening.

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10
Q

Compromise of what artery leads to avascular necrosis of the femoral head?

A

Medical circumflex artery.

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11
Q

Generally the anterior compartment of the thigh is innvervated by?

A

The femoral nerve

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12
Q

Generally the medial compartment of the thigh is innervated by? Adductors.

A

Obturator nerve

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13
Q

Generally the posterior compartment of the thigh is innervated by?

A

Sciatic nerve.

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14
Q

Sciatic nerve turns into what two nerves?

A

Common fibular nerve and the tibial nerve

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15
Q

Lateral compartment of the leg is generally innervated by?

A

CFN to superficial fibular nerve

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16
Q

Anterior compartment of the leg is generally innervated by?

A

CFN to deep fibular nerve

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17
Q

Generally the posterior compartment of the leg is innervated by?

A

Tibial nerve

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18
Q

SGT FOS?

A

Sartorius, gracillus, semitendinosus Femoral, obturator, Sciatic

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19
Q

Where do you want to inject in the ass?

A

Inject high and lateral - don’t want to hit the sciatic nerve.

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20
Q

What are the deep veins of the thigh?

A

Femoral and profunda femoris.

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21
Q

What are the superficial veins of the thigh?

A

Long saphenous, medial and superficial. Not deep.

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22
Q

Is the popliteal vein a deep vein?

A

Yes - in the distal thigh Long/greater saph and short/lesser saph are not deep veins.

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23
Q

What are the 6 biarticular muscles?

A

Sartorius - flexes hip and flexes knee Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, and Biceps femoris - extend and flex knee. Rectus femoris - flexes hip and extends the knee Gastrocnemius - flexes knee and plantar flexes the ankle

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24
Q

Sartorius function?

A

Hip flexion and knee flexion

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25
Q

Semitendinosus, Semimembrenosus, and Biceps Femoris function?

A

Extend hip and flex the knee

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26
Q

Rectus femoris function?

A

Hip flexion, knee extension

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27
Q

Gastrocnemius function?

A

Knee flexion and plantar flexion of the ankle.

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28
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, tibial nerve. Common fibular nerve.

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29
Q

What are vulnerable structures in the knee?

A

Menisci - “shock absorbers”, “roller bearings” Medial and lateral collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Capsule-synovial joint.

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30
Q

What is the “terrible triad” of knee injuries

A

Valgus injury - lateral injury Damages the ACL, MCL, and MM but really the lateral meniscus is more commonly torn, thus the thus the true terrible triad is uncommon.

31
Q

Pop and effusion in the knee make you think of what?

A

ACL tear

32
Q

Rotational injuries can cause damage to what?

A

Menisci

33
Q

Bone Bruises are present with what? What do they suggest?

A

Often seen WITHOUT the presence of fracture on plain films. The presence of bone bruising suggests that there may well be a soft tissue injury ie ACL, PCL, meniscus tears also.

34
Q

What is a Baker’s cyst?

A

Joint effusion from injury plus the pump effect. (Pumps fluid into the bakers cyst). The narrow neck of the cyst acts as a one way valve.

35
Q

What is Pellegrini-Streida disease secondary to?

A

Chronic tear of the MCL at the femoral insertion.

36
Q

Hyperextension and dislocation injuries often show what in knees?

A

Show a combination of anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tears. Often an concomitant lateral collateral ligament tear is present.

37
Q

What are the anatomic superficial veins of the lower extremity? (2)

A

Greater and lesser saphenous veins. These go to the popliteal fossa. Except the proximal greater saphenous vein.

38
Q

What are the major deep veins where DVT occur in the lower extremity? (8)

A

Anterior tibial veins Posterior tibial veins Peroneal (fibular) veins Popliteal vein Femoral vein Common Femoral vein. Pelvic veins. Proximal greater saphenous vein.

39
Q

What is the myotome for hip extensors?

A

L5-S1

40
Q

What is the myotome for Hip flexors?

A

L1-L2

41
Q

What is the myotome for Knee extensors?

A

L3-L4

42
Q

What is the myotome for knee flexors?

A

L5-S2

43
Q

What is the myotome for Foot dorsiflexors?

A

L4-L5

44
Q

What is the myotome for foot plantarflexors?

A

S1-S2

45
Q

The L5 nerve root can be affected by a CENTRAL herniated nucleus pulposis at what level?

The L5 nerve root can be affected by LATERAL herniated nucleus pulposis at what level?

A

Central - L4-L5 level

Lateral L5-S1

46
Q

Compression of the L5 nerve root and Cauda Equina can lead to what?

A

Cauda Equina syndrome or bladder and bowel dysfunction. (Damage to L5/S1)

47
Q

What are motor findings of L5 motor nerve root damage?

A

Foot Drop on the side of the lesion from weakness of the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, extensor hallucis longus musles

Includes Trendelenberg gait from weakness of the gluteus medius and minimus

48
Q

What are sensory findings of L5 nerve root damage?

A

Sensory findings can include pain on the dorsum of the foot

Sensory findings can include numbnes on the lateral calf.

49
Q

What is piriformis Syndrome?

A

This is a tight piriformis muscle that is taut and presses against the sciatic nerve irritating it. This causes pain to travel up and down the nerve.

50
Q

The sciatic nerve gives rise to what two nerves?

A

Common fibular nerve - Lateral and anterior

Tibial nerve - medial and posterior.

51
Q

What is the tibial nerve’s motor actions?

A

Foot plantar flexion and inversion, toe flexion

Tibial nerve does medial and posterior muscles. Posterior nerves will plantar flex the foot and flex the toes. The medial nerves will invert the foot.

52
Q

What is the common fibular nerve/Peroneals nerve action. What nerves does it split into?

A

Common fibular/peroneal nerve splits into the deep fibular nerve and the superficial fibular nerve.

Anterior nerves will dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes. The lateral nerves will evert the foot.

The common fibular nerve can be described as performing the actions of both the superificial and deep fibular nerves.

Superficial - motor function is foot eversion (lateral)

Deep - Foot dorsiflexion, and toe extension. (anterior)

53
Q

In injuries to the leg, make sure to evaluate for what?

A

Sensory and motor function distal to the injury

54
Q

What is the medial ligament of the ankle joint?

A

Deltoid ligament

55
Q

What is the tarsal tunnel? What runs through it?

A

The tarsal tunnel is the tunnel of Tom Dick and Nervous Harry

Tom - Tibialis posterior tendon, D = Flexor digitorum longus, AND = tibial artery and tibial nerve. Harry = Flexor Hallicus longus tendon.

56
Q

What is Pimenta’s Point?

A

Posterior tibial artery is palpated halfway between the tip of the medial malleolus and in the insertion of the achilles tendon. This is Pimenta’s point.

57
Q

Inversion and Eversion ligaments of the ankle

A

Inversion = sole of foot goes in, ATFL and CFL

Eversion = sole of the foot goes out, - Deltoid ligament.

58
Q

What is an ankle sprain?

A

This is where one or more of the ligaments of the ankle are partially or completely torn.

59
Q

Inversion, lateral ligament injuries at 85% of all ankle sprains. What ligaments are affected?

A

Most common lateral ligament injuired is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

60
Q

The medial side ligaments are what?

A

This is the deltoid ligament complex

Posterior tibiotalar (PTTL), tibiocalcaneal (TCL), Tibionavicular (TNL) and anterior tibiotalar ligaments (ATTL) is injured with pronation and rotation of the hindfoot.

61
Q

What are the interosseus ligaments?

A

These are the tibiofibular syndesmosis. They are usually stabilizing, but can be sprained with external rotation of the leg and dorsiflexion of the ankle.

62
Q

Lateral ligaments mechanism of injury? What ligaments are affected

A

Inversion and plantarflexion - Anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneo-fibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament.

63
Q

Medial ligaments - mechanism of injury, ligaments effected?

A

Eversion is mech, ligaments ae posterior tibiotalar ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibionavicular ligament, anterior tibiotalar ligament

64
Q

High ankle sprains - mechanism of injury and ligaments effected?

A

External rotation and dorsiflexsion - Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament, posteiror inferior tibiofibular ligament, transverse tibiofibular ligament, interosseus membrane, interossesus ligament, inferior transverse ligament

65
Q

Passive inversion or plantar flexion with inversion should replicate what sprain?

Passive eversion should replicate symptoms for what sprain?

A

Lateral

Medial

66
Q

What are the four major mechanisms of ankle fractures?

A

SA - Supination/Adduction

SE- Supination/External rotation

PA - Pronation Abduction

PE - Pronation external rotation.

Supination - inversion, Eversion - pronation.

Classified by initial position of the foot and the hindfoot (pronation or supination)

Then the direction of the injuring force acting through the talus.

67
Q

Clinical considerations of Supination-Adduction fracture (inversion/adduction)

A

Avulsion fracture of the tip of the lateral malleolus and oblique fracture of the base of the medial malleolus.

68
Q

Supination/External Rotation ankle fracture

A

Most common type of fracture occurs in about 60-70% of all ankle fractures.

Stage 1: Rupture of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament

Stage 2: Oblique fracture or spiral fracture of the lateral malleolus

Stage 3: Rupture of the posterior tibiofibular ligament or fracture of the posterior malleolus of the tibia

Stage 4: Transverse (sometimes oblique fracture of the tibial malleolus)

69
Q

Pronation Abduction injury of the ankle

A

Stage 1: Transverse medial malleolus fracture distal to mortise

Stage 2: Posterior malleolus fracture or posterior tibio-fibular ligament

Stage 3: Fibula fracture - typically proximal to mortise, often with a butteryfly fragment

70
Q

Pronation external rotation injury of the ankle

A

Protation external rotation injury usually fractures the medial malleolus, and posterior malleolus.

Then you get a high fibular fracture and a widening of the tibiofibular syndesmosis.

71
Q

What is Maisonneuve Fracture Complex?

A

When you see a significant widening of the tibiofibular space suggesting an injury to the tibiofibular syndesmosis

CONSIDER A PROXIMAL FIBULAR FRACTURE

72
Q

What is a Bob Jones Fracture?

A

A fracture of the proximal fifth metatarsal.

73
Q

A lisfranc fracture/dislocation is of what?

A

A midfoot fracture/dislocation. This is a the tarsal/metatarsal joint.

74
Q
A

My Anatomy Sem 2 (3 decks)

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