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JUNE 2024 PTLE TOPNOTCHERS > LE: > Flashcards

LE: Flashcards

1
Q

The pelvic girdle is comprised of 4 bones.

A

1 Sacrum
1 Coccyx
2 Innominate Bones

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2
Q

other name of innominate bones

A

os coxae/hip bones

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3
Q

flattening of the head of femur

A

lcpd ; coxa plana

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4
Q

what are the joints of the pelvis

A

1 Lumbosacral Joint
1 Sacrococcygeal Joint
1 Symphysis Pubis
2 Sacroiliac (SI) Joints ★
2 Hip Joints/Acetabular Joint ★

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5
Q

inflammation of sacroiliac joints

A

sacroilitis

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6
Q

mc joint affected in ankylosing spondylosis (as)?

A

Sacrioiliac joint (SI)

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7
Q

special test for si joint

A

Gaenslen’s Test ★
Patrick’s Test / FAbER Test / Figure 4 Test
Pelvic Compression Test / Pelvic Rock Test

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8
Q

increased lumbar lordosis

A

ant. pelvic tilt

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9
Q

decreased lumbar lordosis

A

post. pelvic tilt

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10
Q

★ Obstetrics: During childbirth, the 7 pelvic joints & their
ligaments should relax in order to facilitate easier delivery. What hormone is responsible for this?

A

Relaxin

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11
Q

pregnant women experiencing low back pain, what is the joint affected by the relaxin?

A
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12
Q

largest part of hip bone

A

ilium

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13
Q

smallest part of hip bone

A

pubis

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14
Q

orientation of ilium

A

antero-superior

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15
Q

orientation of ischium / sit bone / ischial tuberosity

A

postero inferiorly

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16
Q

4 spines of the ilium

A

aiis
asis
piis
psis

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17
Q

★ Among the 4 spines, only the ____ & ____ are
palpable.

A

ASIS & PSIS

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18
Q

What structures attaches the ASIS?

A

Sartorius
Inguinal ligament / Poupart’s Ligament

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19
Q

Only muscle that originates from ASIS?

A

ASIS

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20
Q

3 components of Hamstring

A

▪ Semitendinosus
▪ Semimembranosus
▪ Biceps Femoris (Long head)

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21
Q

contusion of ASIS

A

hip pointer

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22
Q

muscle that orginates the AIIS?

A

rectus femoris (straight head)

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23
Q

it originates from the aponeurosis of the
external abdominal oblique ★

A

inguinal ligament/poupart’s ligament

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24
Q

what are the abdominal muscles?

A
  • Rectus Abdominis
  • Transversus Abdominis
  • External Oblique [V]
  • Internal Oblique [Inverted V]
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25
Q

longest muscle in the body

A

sartorius/tailor’s muscle

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26
Q

swelling of the ischiogluteal bursa

A

weavers bottom / tailors bottom / boatmans bottom

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27
Q

chip of bone has been detached from the
major bone bec of muscle pull

A

avulsion fracture

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28
Q

An avulsion of the ischial tuberosity was seen
in a runner who joined hurdles. What mm is
responsible for that?

A

Hamstring muscle ★

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29
Q

Fluid-filled sac found near the bony
prominences to prevent excessive friction

A

bursa

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30
Q

what level is the iliac crest

A

L4 (Look 4 the Crest)

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31
Q

aka y ligament

A

iliofemoral ligament

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32
Q

Hip Pointer affects which of the following
structures of the iliac spines?

A

ASIS

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33
Q

What mm is responsible for the avulsion
of the ASIS?

A

Sartorius

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34
Q

strongest ligament in the body

A

iliofemoral/y ligament

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35
Q

iliac tubercle what level

A

L5

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36
Q

jt where 2 pubis join

A

symphysis pubis

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37
Q

n value for acetabular anteversion

A

15-20 deg.

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38
Q

longest, largest, strong bone in the body

A

femur

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39
Q

reasons for the stability of hip / acetabulofemoral joint

A
  1. Congruency
  2. Strong ligaments & muscles [supporting hip jt]
  3. (-) pressure [inside jt that provides a suction effect]
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40
Q

Most structurally stable yet mobile single joint
in the body

A

Hip / acetabulofemoral joint

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41
Q

aka vinegars cup or vessel acetabulum

A

acetabulum

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42
Q

connect femoral head to acetabulum

A

ligamentum teres / ligamentum capitis femoris

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43
Q

Compensatory Postures d/t Deformity: ★
1. Pt has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
possible compensatory posture?
a. (R) PF
b. (L) PF

A

B. (L) PF

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44
Q

★ the following ligaments provide stability for the hip
joint, except:

o a. iliofemoral ligament
o b. ischiofemoral ligament
o c. pubofemoral ligament
o d. ligamentum teres

A

D. Ligamentum teres

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45
Q

mc site of avn

A

head of femur

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46
Q

what is torsion?

A

rotation/twist

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47
Q

n shaft angle

A

o Adult = 125 deg★
o Child = 150 deg

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48
Q

deformity of the combination of hip, tibia & foot

A

w sitting position

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49
Q

4/5 of a sphere

A

head of the femur

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50
Q

it is 25% of individual’s height (1/4) ★

A

femur

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51
Q
  1. Pt. has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
    possible compensatory posture?
    a. (R) knee flexion
    b. (L) knee flexion
A

A. (R) Knee Flexion

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52
Q

increase in angle of femoral torsion (>15 deg)

A

Excessive Anteversion

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53
Q

Limited IR ; angle of anteversion

A

Retroversion

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54
Q

special test to measure anteversion angle

A

★ Craig’s Test / Ryder Method

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55
Q

out toe deformity

A

retroversion

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56
Q

Pt. has (R) Coxa Valga. Which of the ff are
possible compensatory posture?

a. (R) subtalar supination
b. (L) subtalar supination

A

B. (L) subtalar supination

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57
Q

Increase in neck shaft angle

A

coxa valga

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58
Q

what type of joint is hip?

A

Synovial Ball & Socket Joint (aka Spheroidal)

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59
Q

Increase cea

A

more stable

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60
Q

it is aka angle of wiberg

A

center edge angle

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61
Q

adductors of pubis

A
  1. Adductor Longus – origin: body of pubis
  2. Adductor Magnus
  3. Adductor Brevis
  4. Adductor Gracilis
  5. Pectineus
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62
Q

These 3 adductor mm have a common origin
in the pubis: (MGB)

A

inferior pubic ramus ★

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63
Q

landmark for the height of the cane

A

greater trochanter

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64
Q

avasculsr necrosis of femoral head in Children

A

LCPD (Leg Calve Perthes Disease

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65
Q

chandler; affected bone

A

femoral head

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66
Q

keinbock ; affected bone

A

scaphoid

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67
Q

main ligaments in the body that limiit HIP EXTENSION

A

iliofemoral ligament

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68
Q

★ What motion of the hip can be limited by all 3
ligaments?

A

Extension

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69
Q

special test for thomas

A

IlioThomas

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70
Q

★ MMT of primary hip flexors: pt is in
sitting position, PT applies resistance on
distal aspect of thigh anteriorly. Upon
pushing downward, pt flexes hip but then also performs abduction & ER, instead of
just flexion. What muscle is substituting?

A

Sartorius

(If iliopsoas isn’t weak, pt will be able
to just flex the hip s abduction & ER.)

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71
Q

weakest ligament; primary ligament that limits hip IR ★

A

ischiofemoral ligament

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72
Q

Primary ligament that limits hip Abd ★

A

zpubofemoral ligament

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73
Q

Only 2-jointed mm among the quads ★

A

rectus femoris

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74
Q

SGT muscles / Pes anserine

A

Satorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus

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75
Q

longest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

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76
Q

longest cranial nerve

A

vagus

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77
Q

aka SLR muscle

A

Rectus Femoris

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78
Q

tensor fascia latae (TFL) aka

A

Pocket muscle

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79
Q

where does tfl inserts

A

anterolateral
aspect of the tibia, specifically to
the Gerdy’s Tubercle.

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80
Q

snapping hip

A

Coxa saltans

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81
Q

largets ms in the body

A

gluteus max

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82
Q

★ What nerve is the mother of tibial & common peroneal n.?

A

Sciatic Nerve

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83
Q

★ MC entrapped nerve in LE?

A

Common zperomesl merve

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84
Q

largest adductor

A

add. magnus

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85
Q

red carpet muscles

A

POG Q

Obturator internus
obturator internus
gemellus sup & inf

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86
Q

supplies post. compartment of thigh

A

profunda femoris antery

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87
Q

Artery to palpate for ant. compartment syn.

A

Dorsalis Pedis Arterye

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88
Q

Origin: anterior tibial artery ★

A

Dorsalis Pedis Artery ★

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89
Q

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous n. ★ ; lumbar plexus

A

L2-L3

90
Q

most prominent tendon at the back of the knee ★

A

Semitendinosus

91
Q

ALL hamstrings are innervated by the tibial portion of
the sciatic nerve EXCEPT:

A

short head of biceps fem , because it is innervated by the common peroneal portion of the sciatic nerve

92
Q

★ MC contused muscle in LE

A

quadriceps

93
Q

★ What PNF diagonal is best for gluteus max
strengthening?
- A. D1 flexion
- B. D1 extension
- C. D2 flexion
- D. D2 extension

A

D. D2 extension

Rationale: in D2 extension, hip extends & externally
rotates. It matches the actions of gluteus max.

94
Q

★ MC strained muscle in LE

A

hamstrings

95
Q

★ Which tendon does oblique popliteal ligament
(OPL) come from?

A

Semimembranosus tendon

96
Q

Causes of Trendelenburg Gait: (3)

A
  1. Hip pain 2o OA [most common] [take note of age, esp geria]
  2. Gluteus medius weakness
  3. Hip instability (e.g., CDH)
97
Q

Why is semimem not so prominent?

A

Bec its tendon turns into a ligament at back of knee
(Oblique Popliteal Ligament ★)

98
Q

★ The red carpet group is covered by what ms?

A
  • Under gluteus maximus
99
Q

Femoral n. – aka “Anterior Crural n.” ★; what lumbar plexus level

A

L2-L4

100
Q

Inferior Gluteal n. ★ ; what level of sacral plexus
(supplies gluteus maximus)

A

L5-S2

101
Q

★ Hip abduction is possible in the ff mm, EXCEPT:
- A. Gluteus Medius [primary hip Abd]
- B. Sartorius [FABER]
- C. TFL [FABIR]
- D. Gluteus Maximus (Upper Fibers)
- E. NOTA

A

NOTA

102
Q

Peak activiy in the gait ; Gluteus Med

A

Midstance (Isometric Cxn)

103
Q

originates from ischial tub. ★

A

long head of biceps femoris

104
Q

what head of the biceps fem that cannot do hip extension but can do knee flexion?

A

short head

105
Q

it originates form the shaft of femur (linea aspera)

A

short head of biceps femoris

106
Q

tripod sign

A

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranous
added: adductor magnus hanstring portion

107
Q

gait peak activity of hamstring

A

Terminal Swing / Deceleration (Eccentric)

108
Q

mc myotomized - esp in (+) scissoring gait

A

adductor longus

109
Q

innervation of hamstring portion of adductor magnus

A

tibial portion of sciatic n.

110
Q

innervation of adductor portion of adductor magnus

A

obturator n

111
Q

the only 2-jted ms among add group

A

adductor gracilis

112
Q

red carpet muscles

A

POG Q

Piriformis
Obturator Internus
Gemellus sup & inf
Quadratus femoris

113
Q

reversal of action of piriformis (Flexion)

A

Internal rotator

114
Q

★ Backward lurch

A

gluteus maximus weakness

115
Q

Forward lurch

A

quadriceps weaknes

116
Q

endfeel of Ligamentous limitation

A

firm

117
Q

*Hip flexion end-feel:

A

(SOFT) - d/t approximation of the
muscles of abdomen & anterior thigh

118
Q

MC site of stress (fatigue) fx in runners ★

A

tibia / shin

119
Q

part of the tibia that is affected in Osgood Schlatter Dse ★

A

Tibial Tuberosity

120
Q

Part of the tibia that is Responsible for 90% WB

A

Tibial Plafond

121
Q

why does Osgood Schlatter Disease ★, called jumper’s knee / patellar tendinitis?

A

pathophy:

your quads contract twice while you jump, cocentric first and then eccentric

122
Q

self limiting condition of the inflammation of tibial tuberosity

A

Osgood Schlatter Disease ★

123
Q

c/i modality for osgood

A

Continuos US : Statent growth of the bone

Rationale: deep heating modality, since the kid’s
epiphyseal plates are not yet mature, it can
cause stunted growth to epiphyseal plates

124
Q

manifestations of anterior compartment syndrome

A

o Pain
o Paresthesia
o Palor – pale d/t ’d blood supply
o Pulselessness (dorsalis pedis artery)
o Paralysis (dorsiflexors)
o +Poikilothermia – unable to regulate temp; 6th P

125
Q

Syndesmosis type of joint

A

Inferior Tibiofibular Joint

126
Q

why is Superior Tibiofibular Joint called “Forgotten joint” ★?

A

this jt is forgotten during ax for knee pain

127
Q

(N) out-toeing angle of foot (Fick angle)

A

(N) Fick angle = 5-10 deg in children ★
adult = 12-18 deg

128
Q

MC entrapped nerve in UE:

A

median n. d/t CTS

129
Q

MC entrapped nerve in LE:

A

common peroneal n.

130
Q

Common Peroneal Nerve (CPN) ★

A
  • “Cross Leg Palsy”
131
Q

Syndesmotic sprain that occurs in severe
ankle sprain where the fibrous tse is torn

A

High ankle sprain

132
Q

Deepest ms of calf ★

A

Tibialis Posterior

133
Q

fast twitch fibers

A

Gastrocnemius

134
Q

ms used more on mumping & running

A

Gastrocnemius

135
Q

Has more slow twitch /
type I fibers

A

Soleus

136
Q

Deepest ms at back of knee ★

A

Popliteus

137
Q

muscle used more in relaxed
standing (antigravity ms)

A

soleus

138
Q

muscles capable of doing PF

A

gastroc
soleus
plantaris
Flexor Digitorum Longus

139
Q

key muscle for unlocking mechanism

A

popliteus

140
Q

Constant foot DF & heel is in contact c ground c tibial n. affectation

A

Paralyzed plantarflexors

141
Q

1 Fish & Feather

Action of Peroneus Tertius:
I. DF
II. PF
III. Inversion
IV. Eversion

a. I only
b. IV only
c. I & III
d. I & IV

A

D. I & IV

142
Q

What PNF diagonal is best used to strengthen peroneus tertius?
a. D1 flexion
b. D2 flexion
c. D1 extension
d. D2 extension

A

B. D2 Flexion

143
Q

What is the direction of resistance applied when testing for peroneus
tertius?
a. Towards dorsiflexion
b. Towards dorsiflexion & eversion
c. Towards plantarflexion & inversion
d. Towards plantarflexion

A
144
Q

What PNF diagonal is best used to strengthen tibialis anterior?
a. D1 flexion – DF & inversion
b. D2 flexion – DF & eversion
c. D1 extension – PF & eversion
d. D2 extension – PF & inversion

A

a. D1 flexion – DF & inversion

145
Q

N angle of Hallux Valgus

A

(N) angle = 15 deg ★ [code: halluX Valgus = XV = 15]
>15 deg= deformity

146
Q

it is where spring ligament attaches

A

sustentaculum tali (sustains/supports head of talus)

147
Q

1st tarsals to ossifiy

A

Calcaneu / Os Calcis

148
Q

Avascular necrosis of talus:

A

Diaz Disease

149
Q

MC fx tarsal

A

calcaneus / os calcis

150
Q

tarsal that has no muscular attachment

A

talus / astragalus

151
Q

MC injured joint in sports [ankle sprain]

A

ankle

152
Q

ankle mortres

A

tibia
fibula
talus

153
Q

MC foot deformity seen in Charcot Marie
Tooth Disease (CMTD) ★

A

Pes Cavus

154
Q

MC affected in march fx ★ [marSHaft]

A

2nd MT: Shaft

155
Q

apophysitis of 5th MT (inflammation
of the immature apophysis)

A

Iselin Dse ★

156
Q

1 > 2 > 3 > 4 > 5 ; foot configuration

A

Egyptian Foot ★

157
Q

avascular necrosis of 2nd MT head

A

Freiberg’s Dse

158
Q

Shortened 1st toe

A

Morton’s toe ★

159
Q

Base: Jone’s fx

A

5th MT

160
Q

Longest/thinnest/most stable metatarsals

A

2nd MT

161
Q

Shortest/stoutest metatarsal

A

1st MT

162
Q

1st ms to atrophy

A

peroneals

163
Q

2o muscle weakness of intrinsics of foot

A

Splay Foot ★

164
Q

2 Component Joints of Chopart: ★

A
  1. Talonavicular
  2. Calcaneocuboid
165
Q

aka “Lisfranc Joint” ★

A

Tarsometatarsal
(TMT) Joint

166
Q

Why is hyperext > flexion in MTP?

A

Hyperextension is used for push-off (gait)

167
Q

why is it that greater it flexion ha mcp

A

because it is used for grasp

168
Q

hole in between the talus and calcaneus

A

sinus tarsi

169
Q

this contains a lot of proprioceptors

A

talocalcaneal interosseous ligament

170
Q

High arched foot

Synonymous terms
o Supinated foot
o Pes Varus
o Inverted

A

Pes Cavus

171
Q

spring ligament

A

Plantar Calcaneonavicular Lig

172
Q

deformity that has damage to spring lig &/or
tibialis post. tendon leading to collapse of MLA

A

Pes Planus (Flatfoot)

173
Q

development of arches of the foot

A

5 y.o

174
Q

keystone of medial longitudinal arch (MLA)

A

head of talus

175
Q

components of MLA (Medial Longitudinal Arch) that is exclusive

A

Talus & Navicular

176
Q

Hindfoot/Rearfoot

A

Talus, calcaneus

177
Q

midfoot

A

Cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms

178
Q

forefoot

A

Metatarsals, phalanges

179
Q

2nd MC sprained lig

A

calcaneofibular ligament

180
Q

Strongest ligament of ankle

A

deltoid ligament

181
Q

Least commonly sprained lig on LCL group

A

Post. TaloFibular Ligament (PTFL)

182
Q

MC sprained lig

A

Ant. TaloFibular Ligament (ATFL)

183
Q

special test for ATFL

A

Ant. Drawer Test

184
Q

special test for CFL (CalcaneoFibular Ligament)

A

Talar Tilt Test

185
Q

this artery becomes dorsalis pedis artery
after passing thru extensor
retinaculum ★

A

Ant. Tibial Artery

186
Q

flexor retinaculum aka

A

Lanciniate Ligament

187
Q

inserts into base of 5th MT

A

Peroneus Tertius Tendon

188
Q

MC site of entrapment of tibial n.

A

tarsal tunnel

189
Q

hole seen in abductor hallucis ms

A

Porta Pedis ★

190
Q

Intersection created by tendons of FDL & FHL

A

Master Knot of Henry ★

191
Q

okc (nwb)

A

[code: SINADP]
[code: PEVABD]

192
Q

CKC (WB; standing)

A

[SINABD] [code: SSETT] - external tibial torsion
[PEVADP] [code: SPITT] ★- internal tibial torsion

193
Q

ms on dorsum of foot that has no counterpart in hand ★

A

Extensor Digitorum Brevis (EDB)
Extensor Hallucis Brevis (EHB) ★

194
Q

joint affected in OA

A

Medial tibiofemoral joint

195
Q

menisci Functions: ★

A

o increased congruency of knee joint
o Shock absorption
o Lubrication – menisci distribute the synovial fluid
o increased friction

196
Q

stable fx ; isolated iliac wing fx

A

Duverney’s Fx

197
Q

Traction apophysitis 2o forceful muscle contraction

A

Avulsion Fx

198
Q

joint affected in chondromalacia patella

A

Patellofemoral joint

199
Q

type of joint : knee

A

Modified hinge jt

200
Q

Unstable fx ; Double vertical fx of
ant. & post. pelvic ring

A

Malgaigne’s Fx

201
Q

ms that is affected that is chipped off in avulsion fx of AIIS / AIS

A

rectus femoris

202
Q

total axial rotation of the knee

A

40 deg (20 med, 20 lat)

203
Q

HIP joint mob, gliding should be

A

opposite

204
Q

s/sx: Groin burning pain

A

osteitis pubis

205
Q

Lax ligaments; any condition that leads to having lax ligs causing problems in symphysis pubis

A

Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD) ★

206
Q

______ meniscus is less commonly injured bec it is
more mobile ★

A

lateral meniscus

207
Q

ossification of MCL of knee

A

Pellegrini Stieda ★

208
Q

Causes of Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD) ★

A

Overactive adductors
o Underactive abductors
o Weak spinal stabilizing ms

209
Q

Pt feels pain in symphysis pubis
when going down a curb ★

A

Diastasis Symphysis Pubis (DSP) ★

210
Q

Malignant bone cancer

A

Multiple Myeloma

211
Q

Tautest position for MCL:n

A

code: LARO sa EXCOLTA
During Lateral Rotation + Extension, Collaterals are Taut

212
Q

Slackest : ACL

A

30-60 deg flexion ★

213
Q

MC injured lig of knee

A

ACL

214
Q

Hyperextension injury

A

ACL

215
Q

Landing from a jump c knees flexed

A

PCL

  • Rationale: MOI is CKC. Thus, the femur is the moving
    segment; weight from upper body slides femur forward
    (ant. translation of femur, post. translation of tibia)
216
Q

overproduction of ab(N) plasma cells (called myeloid cells)

A

Multiple Myeloma

217
Q

Ant. Longer in Supine [code: ALSUP]

A

Anterior Innominate Syndrome

218
Q

Dashboard injury

A

PCL

219
Q

2nd MC injured lig of knee

A

MCL

220
Q

Only mm that can flex hip beyond 90o

A

iliopsoas

JUNE 2024 PTLE TOPNOTCHERS (2 decks)

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