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LE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify # 1

A

Air

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2
Q

Identify #2

A

Fat

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3
Q

Identify #3

A

Soft Tissue

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4
Q

Identify #4

A

Bone

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5
Q

This is a type of radiography that has a detector screen containing silicon detectors & it produces electrical signal when exposed to x-rays

A

Digital Radiography

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6
Q

This is a type of radiography that utilizes cassettes. These are inserted in the laser reader and the ADC (analog digital converter) produces an image

A

Computed Radiography

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7
Q

Give advantages of digital over conventional radiography

A

Magnification of areas of interest

Alteration of density

Measurement of distance and angles

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8
Q

This is a large computer storage facility where images with different modalities are stored. This allows instant recall and display of patients’ imaging study

A

Picturing and Archiving System

(PACS)

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9
Q

This utilizes constant stream of xrays.

Its uses include:
Angiography and interventional radiology
Contrast studies of the GI tract
Guidance of therapeutic injections and arthrograms
Screening in theatre

A

Fluoroscopy

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10
Q

This is used for enhancement. Strongly absorbs x-ray and appears as white in radiograph

A

Contrast materials

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11
Q

This is a cross-sectional imaging using xrays. It is analyzed by computers and produced as grey scale images

A

Computed Tomography Scan

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12
Q

What are the terms used in describing CT Scan?

A

High Density & Low Density

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13
Q

Image information can be manipulated to display various tissue of the body.

Selected by the viewer according to the attenuation characteristics of the structure under examination.

A

Windows

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14
Q

How is the CT Scan’s density measured?

A

via Hounsfield Unit (HU)

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15
Q

What has 0 HU?

A

Water

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16
Q

This tissue is measured at 1000+ HU

A

Bone

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17
Q

This tissue is measured at 40-60 HU

A

Liver

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18
Q

This tissue is measured at 40 HU

A

Bone

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19
Q

This tissue is measured at -1000 HU

A

Air

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20
Q

What are the functions of Intravenous Contrast?

A

Differentiation of normal blood vessels from abnormal masses

To make an abnormality more apparent

To demonstrate the vascular nature of a mass and thus aid in characterization

nCT angiography

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21
Q

This contrast is used for:

Differentiation of normal enhancing bowel loops from abnormal masses or fluid collections
Diagnosis of perforation of the gastrointestinal tract
Diagnosis of leaking surgical anastomose

CT enterography

A

Oral Contrast

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22
Q

This contrast gives a detailed examination of the pelvis and the distal large bowel.

A

Rectal Contrast

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23
Q

What type of contrast is used in this image?

A

Oral Contrast

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24
Q

What type of contrast is used in this picture

A

Rectal contrast

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25
Q

This utilizes helical/spiral CT scanners. The tube and detectors rotate as the patient passes through on the scanning table

A

Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT)

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26
Q

In Multidetector Row CT scan (MDCT), how many row scanners are used?

A

16-320

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27
Q

What are the advantages of Multidetector CT over conventional CT?

A

Increased speed of examination
Rapid examination at optimal levels of intravenous contrast concentration
Continuous volumetric nature of data allows accurate high-quality 3D and multiplanar reconstruction.

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28
Q

What are the limitations and disadvantages of Multidetector CT?

A

Ionizing radiation
Hazards of intravenous contrast material
Lack of portability of equipment
Relatively high cost.

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29
Q

This uses high-frequency sound waves and piezoelectric crystals

A

Ultrasound

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30
Q

Give the proper sequence of events that happens in Ultrasound

A
  1. Excitation of crystal by electrical signals
  2. Emit ultra-high-frequency sound waves; (Piezoelectric effect, conversion of sound into mechanical energy)
  3. Sound waves are reflected back to the crystal by the various tissues of the body
  4. Reflected sound waves (echoes) act on the piezoelectric crystal in the US probe
  5. Produce an electric signal, again by the piezoelectric effect.
  6. Analysis of this electric signal by a computer
  7. Cross-sectional image
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31
Q

Terms used to describe Ultrasound

A

Hyperechoic (white/light grey)

Hypoechoic (dark grey)

Anechoic (black)

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32
Q

True or false: tissues distally receive more sound with acoustic enhancement.

A

True

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33
Q

This is the reverse of Acoustic Enhancement. Tissue appears darker.

A

Acoustic Shadowing

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34
Q

What are the tissues that can be visualized using ulrasound?

A

Solid organs (liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas)
Urinary tract
Obstetrics and gynecology
Small organs (thyroid and testes)
Breast
Musculoskeletal system

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35
Q

This is also termed as real-time xray

A

Fluoroscopy

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36
Q

Contrast made of _____ & ______ can cause Peritonitis.

A

Barium & Iodine

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37
Q

True or false: In CT Scan, only water-soluble contrasts are used.

A

True

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38
Q

what do you call the set of detectors (donut-shaped) that is used in CT Scan?

A

Gantry

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39
Q

This is used to focus on a specific area of organ and soft tissues

A

Windowing

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40
Q

These are the 4 types of windows

A

Lung window, brain window, bone window, abdominal window

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41
Q

This type of probe is used for solid organs

A

Convex Probe

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42
Q

This probe is used for superficial organs & vascular imaging

A

Linear probe

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43
Q

This probe is used for transrectal, and transvaginal ultrasound

A

Endocavitary probe

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44
Q

What are the disadvantages of Ultrasound?

A

Operator-dependent

cannot penetrate gas or bone

bowel gas may obscure image

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45
Q

This uses magnetic properties of spinning hydrogen atoms to produce images.

A
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46
Q

What are the terms used to describe MRI images?

A

Hypointense & Hyperintense

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47
Q

What are dark on T1?

A

Increased water, Blood flow,
edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, hemorrhage (hyperacute or chronic)

48
Q

What is bright in T2?

A

Increased water
(edema, tumor, infarction, inflammation, infection, subdural collection)
Methemoglobin (extracellular) in subacute hemorrhage

WWII

49
Q

Identify the structures pointed

A

Inferior: Basilar Artery

Right: Left Internal Carotid Artery

50
Q

For brain & spinal disorders, what imaging modality is ideal?

51
Q

What are the advantages of MRI?

A

Can visualize soft tissues

No artifacts

In one turn, can produce axial, sagittal & coronal cut

NO RADIATION!!

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

A

It takes time

Metal inside patients’ bodies may heat up

It produces a lot of noise

53
Q

Ideal imaging for breast tissues

A

Mammography

54
Q

This type of mammography is used to look for cancer in women with NO symptoms and NO history of breast surgery.

55
Q

This type of Mammography is used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of the disease has been found.

A

Diagnostic Mammography

56
Q

What are the two views obtained for evaluation? (mammography)

A

Mediolateral Oblique & Cranial-Caudal

57
Q

What do you call the white spots seen in this picture?

A

Calcifications

58
Q

True or false: This image shows breast tissue with malignancy

A

False. This image shows dense breast tissue

59
Q

True or false. This image shows a benign lump in the breast tissue.

A

False. It is a malignant lump

60
Q

This usesgamma radiation to form images following the injection of various radiopharmaceuticals

A

Nuclear Medicine/Scintigraphy

61
Q

How to you describe the images formed via scintigraphy?

A

Increased/Decreased Activity

62
Q

In Scintigraphy, an increase in activity means?

A

There is a malignancy, arthritis, or pathologic condition

63
Q

This imaging is most commonly used in ONCOLOGY

64
Q

what do you call the area in PET Scan wherein there is an increase FDG area?

65
Q

In PET Scan, this is injected to the patient to localize abnormal areas with increased activity.

A

FDG (fluorodeoxyglucose)

66
Q

These tissues normally have HOTSPOTS

A

Brain, Myocardium, Ureters, Bladder

67
Q

What are the uses of PET Scan in oncology?

A

Tumor staging
Assessment of tumor response to therapy
Differentiate benign from malignant masses
Detect tumor recurrence

68
Q

What type of window is this

A

Lung Window

69
Q

What type of window is this

A

Brain Window

70
Q

What type of window is this

A

Abdominal Window

71
Q

What type of window is this

A

Bone Window

72
Q

Any technique that produces an image in the form of a plane through the body with structures cut across.

A

Cross Sectional Imaging

73
Q

What are the 3 standard planes of imaging?

A

Sagittal

Axial

Coronal

“SAC”

74
Q

What are the 3 cross-sectional imaging modalities?

A

MRI, CT Scan, & Ultrasound

75
Q

This plane is viewed from below, looking towards the head.

Patient lying supine in the scanner

A

Axial/Transverse Plane

76
Q

What type of plane is this

A

transverse

77
Q

This plane looks at the patient from the side

A

Sagittal plane

78
Q

What kind of plane is this?

A

Sagittal Plane

79
Q

This plane looks at the patient from the front. The spine is behind the sternum

A

Coronal plane

80
Q

what type of plane is this

A

coronal plane

81
Q

identify the pointed structure

What kind of plane is this?

A

Aortic arch

Axial

82
Q

Identify the pointed structure

A

Superior Vena Cava

83
Q

Identify the pointed structure

84
Q

Identify the pointed structure

85
Q

From the Caudal-Cephalad order, enumerate the GREAT VESSELS

A

Sup Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava

Pulmonary Arteries

Pulmonary Veins

Aorta

“SIPPA”

86
Q

IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE

A

LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

87
Q

Identify the pointed structure

A

left subclavian artery

88
Q

What do the R Brachiocephalic V and L Brachiocephalic V form?

A

Superior Vena Cava

89
Q

True or False: Great arteries anterior to the veins

90
Q

What do you call this layer

A

4 chamber level

91
Q

identify the structure pointed by the RED arrow

A

Left Pulmonary Artery

92
Q

identify the pointed structure

A

Right Pulmonary Artery

93
Q

True or false: As a general rule, pulmonary veins lie posterior to their corresponding artery with the exception to the vessels in the right upper lobe.

A

False. Anterior.

94
Q

identify the pointed structure

A

Left Atrium

95
Q

identify the pointed structure

A

right ventricle

96
Q

What do you call this layer?

A

2 chamber level

97
Q

?What can you find at the 2 chamber heart level

A

Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle & Inferior Vena Cava

98
Q

What is pointed by the red arrow?

A

Aortic arch

99
Q

Identify the R & L windows.

A

R: Mediastinal Window

L: Lung window

100
Q

Arrange the following in the correct order. (cephalad to Caudal)

Carina

Basilar Bronchi

Right Upper Lobe Bronchus

Trachea

Bronchus Intermedius

Left Upper Lobe Bronchus

Right middle lobe bronchus

A

Trachea
Carina
Right upper lobe bronchus
Bronchus intermedius
Left upper lobe bronchus
Right middle lobe bronchus
Basilar bronchi

TCRBLRB

101
Q

identify pointed structure

A

Anterior segmental bronchus

102
Q

identify pointed structure

A

Posterior segmental bronchus

103
Q

True or false: This arrangement is caudo-cephalad

Hepatic veins
Left portal vein
Right portal vein
Main portal vein
Gallbladder/splenic vein

A

False. Cephalo-caudal

104
Q

Which is larger caudally. hepatic or portal vein?

A

Portal Vein

105
Q

Enumerate the components of the portal triad

A

Portal Vein

Hepatic Artery

Bile Duct

106
Q

True or false: The 3rd portion of the duodenum is anterior to the aorta and IVC and posterior to the SMV and SMA

107
Q

True or false: The Uncinate process is posterior to the smv and sma

108
Q

Clinically, pancreatic inflammation can involve what structures? (2)

A

Left Kidney & Spleen

109
Q

This is described as
Worm-like (Vermiform)
Projects from the cecum
N: < 6mm

110
Q

Enumerate the Retroperitoneal Structures

(clue: SAD PUCKER)

A

Suprarenal (adrenal) glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum ( 2nd and 3rd segments)
Pancreas (except tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and Descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

111
Q

Identify the structures

A

Superior: L: Common Bile Duct

R: Hepatic Artery

Inferior: Portal Vein

112
Q

What is the structure on the superior right?

Sa baba, left?

A

Jejunum (feathery)

Ileum (Smooth)

113
Q

This artery gives extensive supply given to the small bowel and proximal colon up to the watershed area at the splenic flexure

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

114
Q

Splenic vein joins the Sup Mesentric vein to form the _____

A

Portal Vein

115
Q

This is a fetal mesentery remnant; divides the lobe into medial and lateral segments

A

Falciform ligament

116
Q

Images are made by
detecting the radiation
coming out of the patient

A

Nuclear Scintigraphy

Diagnostic Imaging (1 decks)

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