Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOLOGY > LE 1 > Flashcards

LE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Deals with application of geology for a safe, stable, and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project.

A

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of civil engineering projects.

A

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Deals with the earth sciences. Geology deals with the study of the Earth as a planet.

A

GENERAL GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Geology in Construction Jobs (Give 3)

A

Planning
Design
Construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 Types of Planning

A

Topographic Maps
Hydrological Maps
Geological Maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Give details that are essential to understand relative merits and
demerits of all the possible sites for the proposed structure. The presence of
nature of slopes, size, contours and depths of valleys and gorges and rate of
change of elevation in various directions can be easily computed from such
maps.

A

Topographic Maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give details about the distribution and geometry of the surface water
channels and also the occurrence and depth contours of ground water
below the surface of the earth.

A

Hydrological Maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Petrological characters and structural disposition of rock types as
developed in the proposed area are depicted in geological maps. This gives
the engineer useful information regarding the fracturing and displacement
that the site rocks might have undergone in the past.

A

Geological Maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

This is the application of geological characters and conditions that finally
dictate the broad contours of the engineering design of an engineering
project, be it a high rise building, road, bridge, dam or a tunnel, etc.

A

Design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Geological knowledge is applied and it is of great value to an engineer to
the selection and proper use of the right type of materials of construction
derived from the natural bedrocks, soils, banks and beaches.

A

Construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • Exploration and Development of water resources within areas.

The water resources engineer has to understand the water cycle in all
essential details. Study of water cycle is an essential pre-requisite for effective
planning and execution of major water resources development programs on
national and regional levels.

A

Geology in Water Resources Development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Land utilization in as best and aesthetic manner as possible for developing
cities and towns for meeting social needs in different areas.

A

Geology in Town and Regional Planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The primary aim is to derive maximum benefits from the natural
environment with minimum disturbance.

A

Geology in Town and Regional Planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give the 6 Branches of Geology

A

Physical Geology
Geomorphology
Minerology
Petrology
Historical Geology
Economic Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

It deals with the origin, development and ultimate fate of various surface features of the Earth and also with its internal structure.

A

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is a part of Physical Geology, deals specifically with the study of surface features of the Earth. Primarily on the Land surface.

A

GEOMORPHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The basic building units of which the solid crust of the earth is made up. Deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation, properties and uses of minerals.

A

MINEROLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Minerals occurring in natural aggregated form are call rocks. These rocks form the building blocks that make up the crust of earth. The rocks are themselves made up of minerals defined as building units.

A

PETROLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Deals with the past history of earth as deciphered from the study of rocks
and features associated with them. Rocks may be treated as pages of the
Earth’s History.

A

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

This branch deals with the study of those minerals and rocks and other
materials (fuels etc) occurring on and in the earth that can be exploited for
the benefit of man. This include a wide variety of ores of all the metals and
non metals, building stones, salt deposits, fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas and atomic minerals)

A

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

It has a mean density of ____.

A

5.517 gm/cm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Volume ng mundo

A

1.083x10^27 cm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mass ng mundo

A

5.975x10^27 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It has an equatorial diameter of ___ and a polar diameter of
____.

A

Equatorial = 12757.776 km
Polar = 12713.824 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The Earth is commonly described as a ______.

A

Spheroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The outer gaseous part of the Earth starting from the surface and extending as fas as 700km and even beyond.

A

Atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It makes only about one-millionth part of the total mass of the Earth.

A

Atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Layers of Atmosphere

A

Trophosphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

It is the lowermost zone of the atmosphere rising from the surface of the earth and extending, on an average to a height of 11km.

A

Trophosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Its (trophospshere) upper boundary called ______ lies at about 9km above the poles and at 18km
above the equator.

A

Tropopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

It is the second layer of the atmosphere starting from the tropopause and extending up to an average height of 50km.

A

Stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The temperature becomes constant for a height of 20km (above tropopause) and then starts
increasing.

A

Stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Starts at a height of 9km above the surface and continues up to 35km. The
Maximum concentration of ozone in this layer is estimated at a height of 20-
25km

A

Ozone Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

This is the third thermal zone of atmosphere which begins at stratopause at about 50km
above the surface and continues up to a height of about 80km.

A

Mesosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The fourth and last zone of the atmosphere starts at about 80km and extends up to 500km
and beyond.

A

Thermosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Specialized zone that starts from 80km and extends upwards to variable heights.

A

Ionosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The most strongly ionized layer is located at the base of ionosphere and is designated as _____. It is also sometimes referred as Kennelly-Heavisiside layer after the names of its
discoverers.

A

D-Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The region of atmosphere beyond 700km.

A

Exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

It is a low-density and high temperature region with a minimum atomic collusions.

A

Exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

It is the stony part of the Earth and it includes all the solid
materials composing the Earth from the surface downwards.

A

Lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

It includes only the uppermost shell of the earth, crust and a part of
the second layer, the mantle, up to which the material exists in a definite
solid state

A

Lithosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Layers of Lithosphere

A

Crust
Mantle
Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

It is the uppermost solid shell of the Earth which has varying thickness in different areas.

A

Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Thickness of crust under the oceans

A

5-6km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Thickness of crust under the continents

A

30-35km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Thickness of crust under the mountains

A

60-70km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Zone within the earth that starts from M-discontinuity and continues up to a depth of
2900km.

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Mantle is made up of extremely basic material called ________, that is very rich in iron and magnesium but quite poor in silica.

A

Aptly Ultra Basic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Innermost structural shell of the Earth. It starts from a depth of 2900km below the surface and extends right up to the center, at a depth of 6370km.

The ______ may be made up of iron and nickel, alloyed in some yet unknown manner.

A

Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The liquid like core extending from a depth of 2900km to about 4800km is often termed as
______.

A

Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

A collective name for all the natural water bodies occurring on or below the surface.

A

Hydrosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

This term is sometimes used to express the collective life form, as it exists on the surface
and under water.

A

Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Starting from 4800km and extending up to 6370km is unknown nature but definitely of solid
character and with properties resembling to a metallic body, it is called _______.

A

Inner Core

50
Q

More than 98% of the hydrosphere is made up of huge surface bodies of saline water called
seas and oceans. Give the 5 oceans.

A

Pacific
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic
Antarctic

51
Q

The possible movement of the continents relative to one another in geological past was first
outlined at length by _______ in 1912.

A

Alfred Wegener

52
Q

Alfred Wegener postulated a super continent to
which he gave the name _______.

A

Pangaea

53
Q

Lands in the southern hemisphere including South America,
Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and peninsular India formed a
large continent called _________.

A

Gondwanaland

54
Q

The term ________ came to be used to denote the processes involved in the
movements and interactions of the plates (tectonic is derived from Greek “tekton”, a builder)

A

Plate Tectonics

55
Q

Give the 3 ways of the movement of the plates with respect to one another.

A

By one plate sliding past another along its margin.

By two plates moving away from one another.

By two plates moving together and one sliding underneath the edge of the other.

56
Q

3 Types of Weathering

A

Chemical Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Biological Weathering

57
Q

Variety of natural processes that operate to shape the surface of the Earth.

A

Weathering

58
Q

Land areas are continually being reduced and their shape modified by weathering and erosion, and the general term for this is ________.

A

Denudation

59
Q

__________ or decomposition, is the break down of minerals into new compounds by the action of chemical agents; acids in the air, rain, and in river water.

A

Chemical weathering

60
Q

Chemical weathering or _________, is the break down of minerals into new compounds by the action of chemical agents; acids in the air, rain, and in river water.

A

Decomposition

61
Q

Dissociation of minerals into ions, greatly aided by the presence of CO2 in
the soil profile.

A

Solution

62
Q

The combination of oxygen with a mineral to form oxides or any other
reaction in which the oxidation number of the oxidized elements is increased.

A

Oxidation

63
Q

The release of oxygen from a mineral to its surrounding environment;
ions leave the mineral structure as the oxidation number of the reduced
element is decreased.

A

Reduction

64
Q

Absorption of water molecules into the mineral structure.

A

Hydration

65
Q

Hydrogen ions in percolating water replace mineral cations; no
oxidation – reduction occurs.

A

Hydrolysis

66
Q

The migration of ions produced by the above processes.

A

Leaching

67
Q

Absorption onto the surface of negatively charged clay of positively
charged cations in solution.

A

Cation Exchange

68
Q

Mechanical weathering or ________, breaks down rocks into small particles by the action of temperature, by impact of raindrops and by abrasion from mineral particles carried in the wind.

A

Disintegration

69
Q

________ or disintegration, breaks down rocks into small particles by the
action of temperature, by impact of raindrops and by abrasion from mineral particles carried in the wind.

A

Mechanical Weathering

70
Q

Process where large scale development of fracturing in confined rock masses
is attributed to removal of overlaying rock cover due to prolonged erosional
work of others.

A

Unloading

71
Q

Processes involved in Mechanical Weathering

A

Unloading
Frost Action
Thermal Effects (Insolation)

72
Q

Processes involved in Chemical Weathering

A

Solution
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydration
Hydrolysis
Leaching
Cation Exchange

73
Q

The expansion that occurs during the day and the contraction
at night, constantly repeated, weakens the structure of the
rock.

A

Thermal Effects (Insolation)

74
Q

A process referred to as the operation of the “ice-wedge”; it leads to the
formation of screes on mountain slopes and produces the serrate
appearance of a high mountain sky-line.

A

Frost Action

75
Q

Describes those mechanical and chemical changes of the ground that are directly associated with the activities of animals and plants.

A

Biological Weathering

76
Q

Rivers, wind, moving ice and water waves are capable of loosening, dislodging and carrying
particles of soil, sediment and larger pieces of rock.

A

Erosion and Deposition

77
Q

Results in the widening and deepening of their valleys. The rate of erosion is greatly enhanced in the times of flood.

A

The Work of Rivers

78
Q

A new land surface is formed by uplift of the sea floor. Streams begin to flow over it and execute valleys.

A

Valleys

79
Q

The profile taken along the course of a river also changes during
the river’s evolution.

A

Grade and Rejuvenation

80
Q

Rapids and waterfalls are formed where a stream flows over rocks
of differing hardness.

A

Waterfalls and Gorges

81
Q

A river and its tributaries constitute a network whose pattern can be
influenced by the position and shape of boundaries separating the various rocks within a
catchment.

A

River Patterns

82
Q

Examples of River Patterns

A

Dendritic
Rectangular or Trellis
Disappearing
Radial
Superimposed

83
Q

The processes where materials being transported by a river is deposited
to different locations.

A

River Deposits

84
Q

General term given to deposits laid down by rivers; it may include fine
materials such as silt and mud and coarse sand and gravel.

A

Alluvium

85
Q

A river entering a body of water, such as a lake or the sea, drops much of its load
of sediment as its velocity is reduced and forms a delta which is gradually built forward into
the water.

A

Deltas

86
Q

The Works of Rivers

A

Valleys
Grade and Rejuvenation
Waterfalls and Gorges
River Patterns
River Deposits
Deltas

87
Q

The waves which break on a shore erode the land margin by the force of their impact and by the impact of the debris they carry forward.

A

The Work of the Sea

88
Q

The Works of the Sea

A

Tides and Currents
Tidal Surges
Waves
Coastal Erosion

89
Q

The periodic rise and fall of the sea, or tide, is due to the pull
exerted by the sun and moon on the globe.

A

Tides and Currents

90
Q

Water movement which is quickly generated and soon over.

A

Tidal Surges

91
Q

Wave motion is produced when a water surface is swept by wind. It is an
oscillatory motion, and any particle near the surface moves in a vertical circular orbit.

A

Waves

92
Q

At the base of coastal cliffs a wave-cut platform is formed, which
slopes gently seawards

A

Coastal Erosion

93
Q

6 Coastal Marine Deposits

A

Littoral Drift
Spits and bars
Cuspate forelands
Mud flats
Barriers
Coral Reefs

94
Q

The direct effect on land is greatly reduced by vegetation and thus it is bare ground that is most influenced by this agent of erosion.

A

The Work of the Wind

95
Q

Works of the Wind

A

Wind Erosion
Wind formed deposits

96
Q

Blowing over weathered surfaces it removes small loose particles dry
and decayed rock, both in deserts and in more temperate regions.

A

Wind Erosion

97
Q

These include the coastal sand-hills of temperature regions and in
desert barchan dunes, crescentic in shape (in plan) etc.

A

Wind Formed Deposits

98
Q

Most readily occurs through open fractures such as joints in exposed rock
and the gaping cracks.

A

Infiltration

99
Q

Once the water has penetrated the surface, it may commence on a
downward journey towards the water table.

A

Percolation

100
Q

Is the proportion of void space in the material, unfilled by solid material to
the total volume.

A

Porosity

101
Q

Formula of Porosity

A

n = Vv/V

102
Q

Measure of how readily fluids pass through the material. It is related to the
extent to which pore or cracks are interconnected.

A

Permeability

103
Q

______ or phreatic zone is the zone where the voids of the soil is fully occupied by water. It is where the groundwater is found and at most, a few kilometers
into the crust

A

Saturated Zone

104
Q

____ or vadose zone is the zone mostly above the saturated zone, where rocks
or soil in which the pore spaces are filled partly with water.

A

Unsaturated Zone

105
Q

The top surface of the saturated zone, where the saturated zone is not
confined by overlaying impermeable rocks.

A

Water Table

106
Q

A rock or soil that holds enough water and transmits it rapidly enough to
be useful as a source of water.

A

Aquifer

107
Q

Bounded above and below by a low-permeability rocks (aquitards)

A

Confined Aquifer

108
Q

Directly overlain by permeable rocks and soil.

A

Unconfined Aquifer

109
Q

States how readily the groundwater can move through rocks and soil, and
this movement basely is governed by permeability. Groundwater flows from
areas of higher hydraulic head to lower.

Also states that velocity of flow of water through saturated soil is directly
proportional to the hydraulic gradient.

A

Darcy’s Law and Groundwater Flow

110
Q

Formula of Darcy’s Law and Groundwater Flow

A

Q = K(A) (∆ℎ/∆i )

111
Q

The driving force that causes groundwater to move in the direction of
maximum decreasing total head.

A

Hydraulic Gradient

112
Q

Movement of water in soils.

A

Seepage

113
Q

Vibration induced in the earth’s crust due to internal or external causes that virtually shake
up a part of the crust and all the structures and living and non-living things existing on it.

A

Earthquakes

114
Q

The science dealing with the study of earthquake in all their aspects

A

Seismology

115
Q

Or hypocenter, the point on a fault at which the first movement or break occurs during an
earthquake.

A

Focus

116
Q

The point on the surface vertically above the focus of a particular earthquake

A

Epicenter

117
Q

Elastic waves generated at the focus. They travel in all directions with velocities that
determines how strong the earthquake is.

A

Seismic Waves

118
Q

Also called as primary waves, push and pull waves, longitudinal waves and compressional
waves. These are the fastest waves.

A

P-waves

119
Q

Secondary waves or shear waves, transverse waves or distortional waves.

A

S-waves

120
Q

Long waves or surface waves, confined mainly to the near surface layers of the earth.

A

L-waves

121
Q

Give the 2 L-Waves Types.

A

Love wave
Rayleigh Wave

122
Q

Planar breaks in the rock along which there is displacement of one side relative to the other.

A

Fault

123
Q

2 types of Faults.

A

Strike-slip Fault
Dip-slip Fault

124
Q

Scales of earthquakes.

A

Magnitude
Intensity

125
Q

Term expressing the rating of an earthquake on the basis of amplitude of seismic waves
recorded as seismograms.

A

Magnitude

126
Q

Also a term of expressing the rating of an earthquake in a qualitative manner, on the basis
of its effects on living and non-living things of the region it occurs.

A

Intensity

127
Q

3 Classification of Earthquakes

A

By depth of focus
By magnitude
By cause of origin

GEOLOGY (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions