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Bio 150 > LE 03 > Flashcards

LE 03 Flashcards

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1
Q

extracellular signal molecules

A

874

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2
Q

quorum sensing

A

873

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3
Q

mating factor

A

873

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4
Q

receptor proteins

A

874

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5
Q

intracellular signaling pathway

A

874

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6
Q

intracellular signaling proteins

A

874

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7
Q

second messengers

A

874, 879

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8
Q

effector proteins

A

874

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9
Q

contact-dependent signaling; usually happens where?

A

874

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10
Q

local mediators

A

875

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11
Q

paracrine signaling

A

875

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12
Q

autocrine signaling; example

A

875

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13
Q

chemical synapses

A

875

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14
Q

neurotransmitter

A

875

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15
Q

synaptic signaling

A

875

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16
Q

endocrine cells; secretion

A

875

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17
Q

endocrine signaling

A

875

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18
Q

exocytosis of signals in signaling

A

876

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19
Q

diffusion of signals in signaling

A

876

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20
Q

transmembrane signal proteins

A

876

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21
Q

target cell

A

876

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22
Q

explain specificity of receptor

A

876

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23
Q

transmembrane proteins as receptors

A

876

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24
Q

intracellular receptor and its signal; example

A

876,

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25
Q

selective response of cell to signals for cell regulation

A

signal has different responses in a cell but… expression of needed response lang for cell regulation 876

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26
Q

specific combination of extracellular signals

A

876

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27
Q

neurotransmitter acetylcholine and its different effects; reason for difference

A

877

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28
Q

3 major classes of cell-surface receptor proteins

A

878

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29
Q

cell-surface receptors as signal transducers

A

878

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30
Q

ion-channel-coupled receptors

A

synaptic signaling, nerve and muscle cells (878)

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31
Q

GPCR

A

indirect regulation of activity (878)

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32
Q

G protein

A

mediator of receptor and target (878)

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33
Q

enzyme-coupled receptor

A

functions as enzyme or associate directly with enzymes (879)

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34
Q

enzyme-coupled receptor as protein kinase

A

879

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35
Q

first messengers

A

879

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36
Q

intracellular signaling proteins as molecular switches

A

879

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37
Q

molecular switch by phosphorylation

A

879

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38
Q

protein kinase and phosphatase

A

879

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39
Q

two main types of protein kinase in eukaryotes

A

879

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40
Q

kinase cascades

A

880

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41
Q

two types of protein phosphatases

A

880

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42
Q

GTP-binding proteins as molecular switch

A

880

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43
Q

two major types of GTP-binding proteins

A

880

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44
Q

GAPs and GEFs

A

880

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45
Q

2 inhibitory signals = positive signal

A

881

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46
Q

many signals around thus unwanted cross-talk and interference between intracellular signaling systems

A

specificity and affinity (881)

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47
Q

docking sites

A

for specificity and affinity 881

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48
Q

scaffold proteins; 3 mechanisms

A

localization of the molecules into signaling complexes (882-883)

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49
Q

induced proximity

A

883

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50
Q

interaction domains

A

lego ng molbio 883

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51
Q

how did modular interaction domains presumably facilitate the evolution of new signaling pathways?

A

because it can be inserted in many locations without disturbing the protein’s folding or function; connection to additional pathways (883)

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52
Q

signaling proteins as adaptors

A

883

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53
Q

signaling complex using modular interaction domains/ lego in insulin receptor

A

884

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54
Q

what is the function of an intracellular signaling system?

A

885

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55
Q

what are the 7 basic signaling properties?

A

885

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56
Q

explain the speed of a response

A

depends on the nature of the intracellular signaling molecules (886)

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57
Q

what is turnover?

A

rate of destruction (887)

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58
Q

sigmoidal response to signal concentration; useful where?

A

must go beyond a threshold; useful for filtering to reduce inappropriate responses to low-level background signals (888)

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59
Q

hyperbolic response to signal concentration; useful where?

A

smoothly graded response; fine-tuning of metabolic processes by some hormones (888)

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60
Q

all-or-none response to signal concentration

A

turns on completely and irreversibly when a threshold is reached (888)

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61
Q

epinephrine example in both activation and inhibition of kontrabida ng activation resulting to sharpened response

A

GPCR, glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscles (888)

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62
Q

positive vs negative feedback

A

888

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63
Q

positive feedback in all-or-none response

A

888

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64
Q

describe the structure of GPCR

A

892

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65
Q

rhodopsin

A

893

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66
Q

connection of drugs and GPCR

A

893

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67
Q

what does GPCR activate?

A

893

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68
Q

subunits of G proteins

A

893

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69
Q

describe G protein structure/ conformation during active/ inactive state

A

893

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70
Q

how is G alpha subunit deactivated?

A

894

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71
Q

what is RGS role in alpha subunit

A

894

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72
Q

why is GTP hydrolysis of alpha subunit usually short?

A

894

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73
Q

role of cAMP

A

895

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74
Q

what makes and breaks cAMP?

A

895

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75
Q

GPCR mechanism of increasing/ inhibiting cAMP levels

A

895

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76
Q

two types of G protein

A

895

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77
Q

mechanism of cholera

A

GPCR:G_s (895)

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78
Q

mechanism of pertussis

A

GPCR:G_i (895)

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79
Q

protein kinase partner of cAMP

A

896

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80
Q

PKA function

A

896

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81
Q

active/ inactive mechanism of PKA + its subunits

A

896

82
Q

AKAPs

A

896

83
Q

AKAP around the nucleus of heart muscle cells

A

896

84
Q

somatostatin mechanism

A

897

85
Q

what are CRE, CREB, and CBP?

A

897

86
Q

plasma membrane-bound enzyme partner of G proteins

A

PLC beta (898)

87
Q

inositol phospholipid signaling pathway mechanism

A

898

88
Q

protein kinase in inositol phospholipid signaling pathway

A

899

89
Q

DAG can be further cleaved to?

A

899

90
Q

eicosanoids

A

899

91
Q

second type of regulated Ca2+ channel in the ER

A

900

92
Q

cells that use Ca2+ signaling

A

900

93
Q

Ca2+ induced calcium release

A

900

94
Q

oscillatory vs non oscillatory frequency dependent response in Ca2+

A

901

95
Q

most important Ca2+-binding protein

A

902

96
Q

function of calmodulin

A

902

97
Q

calmodulin structure

A

902

98
Q

what happens when Ca2+/ calmodulin binds to its target protein?

A

902

99
Q

Ca2+/ calmodulin function in the Ca2+ release/ positive/negative feedback mechanism

A

902

100
Q

Ca2+/ calmodulin kinase?

A

902

101
Q

CaM-kinase function in gene transcription

A

902

102
Q

what is the best-studied CaM-kinase?

A

903

103
Q

CaM-kinase II structure and function

A

903-904

104
Q

activation/deactivation of CaM-kinase

A

903

105
Q

CaM-kinase II when exposed to both Ca2+ and phosphatase

A

904

106
Q

G proteins directly regulate ion channels example

A

acetylcholine sa heart (904)

107
Q

GPCR in olfaction

A

905

108
Q

G protein in olfaction

A

905

109
Q

GPCR in vision meachanism

A

906

110
Q

G protein in vision

A

906

111
Q

negative feedback loop in the aftermath of a flash of light

A

rhodopsin kinase (906)

112
Q

example of hydrophobic small signaling molecule that can cross the plasma membrane

A

NO (908)

113
Q

function of NO in mammals and its mechanism

A

908

114
Q

use of nitroglycerine

A

908

115
Q

what catalyzes the production of NO?

A

908

116
Q

NO and its synthesis of cGMP

A

908

117
Q

mechanism of viagra

A

909

118
Q

general modes of adaptation for GPCRs that is centered on inactivation

A

909

119
Q

desensitization of GPCRs depend on?

A

GRK; arrestin (910)

120
Q

contribution of arrestin in the desensitization of GPCR

A

910

121
Q

in general, activation of RTKs

A

911

122
Q

activation of PDGF

A

913

123
Q

activation of EGF

A

913

124
Q

docking sites on RTKs

A

913

125
Q

example of docked protein enzymes on RTKs + its mechanism

A

913

126
Q

PI 3-kinase phosphorylates what?

A

914

127
Q

phosphotyrosine-binding domains of signaling proteins

A

914

128
Q

protein that bind to RTK which provides negative feedback, decreasing signaling process + mechanism

A

914

129
Q

ubiquitin interaction motifs (UIM)

A

915

130
Q

ligand-induced endocytosis of RTKs does not always decrease signaling + example

A

NGF, TrKA (915)

131
Q

3 major closely-related Ras proteins in humans

A

915

132
Q

Ras are required in?

A

915

133
Q

Ras as molecular switch and its activation/inactivation

A

916

134
Q

development of cancer thru Ras

A

916

135
Q

how do RTKs normally activate Ras?

A

activate Ras GEF or inhibit Ras GAP (916)

136
Q

how an RTK activates Ras mechanism (sev)

A

916

137
Q

function of MAP kinase module

A

916

138
Q

components of MAP kinase module

A

917

139
Q

mechanism of MAP kinase module

A

917

140
Q

how MAP kinase activate a negative feedback loop?

A

918

141
Q

scaffold protein in MAP kinase modules

A

918

142
Q

downside of scaffold proteins in MAP kinase modules

A

918

143
Q

ephrin family example mechanism in how RTKs activate a Rho GTPase

A

919

144
Q

where is Rho bound to when inactive?

A

919

145
Q

what receptors can activate PI 3-kinase?

A

920

146
Q

function/ central part that PI 3 -kinase plays

A

920

147
Q

why is phosphatidylinositol unusual among membrane lipids?

A

920

148
Q

what happens when PI 3-kinase is activated?

A

920

149
Q

why does the production of PI(3,4,5)P_3 matter most?

A

920

150
Q

how is PI(3,4,5)P_3 made?

A

920

151
Q

PTEN phosphatase

A

920

152
Q

mutations in PTEN

A

920

153
Q

PI 3-kinase that is activated by RTKs

A

920

154
Q

pleckstrin homology domain and PI(3,4,5)P_3 interaction

A

921

154
Q

PI 3-kinase that is activated by GPCRs

A

921

155
Q

function of IGF family

A

921

155
Q

major pathway activated by the hormone insulin

A

921

156
Q

mechanism of IGF

A

921

157
Q

control of cell growth by the PI 3-kinase-Akt pathway depends in part on a protein kinase ________

A

922

158
Q

mTORC1 and its protein + function

A

922

159
Q

mTORC2 and its protein + function

A

922

160
Q

activators of mTORC1

A

922

161
Q

activation of mTORC1

A

922

162
Q

tyrosine-kinase-associated receptors

A

923

163
Q

examples of tyrosine-kinase-associated receptor

A

923

164
Q

largest family of mammalian cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase + domains they have

A

923

165
Q

focal adhesion kinase

A

integrin, src (924)

166
Q

cytokine receptors and its kinase

A

924

167
Q

latent transcription regulator

A

924

168
Q

what does JAK activate?

A

924

169
Q

JAK-STAT signaling pathway

A

924

170
Q

2 functions of STAT SH2 domain

A

924

171
Q

mechanism of hormone prolactin

A

STAT 5 (925)

172
Q

negative feedback of JAK-STAT

A

925

173
Q

TGFBeta functions and families it contains

A

926

174
Q

type of receptor kinase domain in TGFBeta

A

926

175
Q

TGFBeta and receptor serine/threonine kinases

A

926

176
Q

SARA and caveolae

A

926

177
Q

Smads shuttle continually between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

A

926

178
Q

inhibitory Smads

A

926

179
Q

notch protein function

A

928

180
Q

lateral inhibition, its transmembrane signal protein, mechanism

A

928

181
Q

notch-delta mechanism

A

929

182
Q

gamma-secretase

A

929

183
Q

presenilin

A

930

184
Q

Wnt proteins function, why are they unusual?

A

930

185
Q

Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway mechanism

A

930-931

186
Q

genes activated by Beta-catenin

A

Myc (931)

187
Q

human colon cancer and Apc mutation

A

931

188
Q

notum

A

931

189
Q

Rnf43, what inactivates it?

A

931

190
Q

primary cilium function

A

932

191
Q

hedgehog signaling

A

932

192
Q

how does patch inhibit smoothened?

A

932

193
Q

how does hedgehog inhibit patched?

A

932

194
Q

result of hedgehog signaling

A

933

195
Q

excessive hedgehog signaling

A

933

196
Q

cyclopamine

A

933

197
Q

NFKB proteins function

A

934

198
Q
A

Bio 150 (2 decks)

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