LE 03 Flashcards
1
Q
extracellular signal molecules
A
874
2
Q
quorum sensing
A
873
3
Q
mating factor
A
873
4
Q
receptor proteins
A
874
5
Q
intracellular signaling pathway
A
874
6
Q
intracellular signaling proteins
A
874
7
Q
second messengers
A
874, 879
8
Q
effector proteins
A
874
9
Q
contact-dependent signaling; usually happens where?
A
874
10
Q
local mediators
A
875
11
Q
paracrine signaling
A
875
12
Q
autocrine signaling; example
A
875
13
Q
chemical synapses
A
875
14
Q
neurotransmitter
A
875
15
Q
synaptic signaling
A
875
16
Q
endocrine cells; secretion
A
875
17
Q
endocrine signaling
A
875
18
Q
exocytosis of signals in signaling
A
876
19
Q
diffusion of signals in signaling
A
876
20
Q
transmembrane signal proteins
A
876
21
Q
target cell
A
876
22
Q
explain specificity of receptor
A
876
23
Q
transmembrane proteins as receptors
A
876
24
Q
intracellular receptor and its signal; example
A
876,
25
selective response of cell to signals for cell regulation
signal has different responses in a cell but... expression of needed response lang for cell regulation 876
26
specific combination of extracellular signals
876
27
neurotransmitter acetylcholine and its different effects; reason for difference
877
28
3 major classes of cell-surface receptor proteins
878
29
cell-surface receptors as signal transducers
878
30
ion-channel-coupled receptors
synaptic signaling, nerve and muscle cells (878)
31
GPCR
indirect regulation of activity (878)
32
G protein
mediator of receptor and target (878)
33
enzyme-coupled receptor
functions as enzyme or associate directly with enzymes (879)
34
enzyme-coupled receptor as protein kinase
879
35
first messengers
879
36
intracellular signaling proteins as molecular switches
879
37
molecular switch by phosphorylation
879
38
protein kinase and phosphatase
879
39
two main types of protein kinase in eukaryotes
879
40
kinase cascades
880
41
two types of protein phosphatases
880
42
GTP-binding proteins as molecular switch
880
43
two major types of GTP-binding proteins
880
44
GAPs and GEFs
880
45
2 inhibitory signals = positive signal
881
46
many signals around thus unwanted cross-talk and interference between intracellular signaling systems
specificity and affinity (881)
47
docking sites
for specificity and affinity 881
48
scaffold proteins; 3 mechanisms
localization of the molecules into signaling complexes (882-883)
49
induced proximity
883
50
interaction domains
lego ng molbio 883
51
how did modular interaction domains presumably facilitate the evolution of new signaling pathways?
because it can be inserted in many locations without disturbing the protein's folding or function; connection to additional pathways (883)
52
signaling proteins as adaptors
883
53
signaling complex using modular interaction domains/ lego in insulin receptor
884
54
what is the function of an intracellular signaling system?
885
55
what are the 7 basic signaling properties?
885
56
explain the speed of a response
depends on the nature of the intracellular signaling molecules (886)
57
what is turnover?
rate of destruction (887)
58
sigmoidal response to signal concentration; useful where?
must go beyond a threshold; useful for filtering to reduce inappropriate responses to low-level background signals (888)
59
hyperbolic response to signal concentration; useful where?
smoothly graded response; fine-tuning of metabolic processes by some hormones (888)
60
all-or-none response to signal concentration
turns on completely and irreversibly when a threshold is reached (888)
61
epinephrine example in both activation and inhibition of kontrabida ng activation resulting to sharpened response
GPCR, glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscles (888)
62
positive vs negative feedback
888
63
positive feedback in all-or-none response
888
64
describe the structure of GPCR
892
65
rhodopsin
893
66
connection of drugs and GPCR
893
67
what does GPCR activate?
893
68
subunits of G proteins
893
69
describe G protein structure/ conformation during active/ inactive state
893
70
how is G alpha subunit deactivated?
894
71
what is RGS role in alpha subunit
894
72
why is GTP hydrolysis of alpha subunit usually short?
894
73
role of cAMP
895
74
what makes and breaks cAMP?
895
75
GPCR mechanism of increasing/ inhibiting cAMP levels
895
76
two types of G protein
895
77
mechanism of cholera
GPCR:G_s (895)
78
mechanism of pertussis
GPCR:G_i (895)
79
protein kinase partner of cAMP
896
80
PKA function
896
81
active/ inactive mechanism of PKA + its subunits
896
82
AKAPs
896
83
AKAP around the nucleus of heart muscle cells
896
84
somatostatin mechanism
897
85
what are CRE, CREB, and CBP?
897
86
plasma membrane-bound enzyme partner of G proteins
PLC beta (898)
87
inositol phospholipid signaling pathway mechanism
898
88
protein kinase in inositol phospholipid signaling pathway
899
89
DAG can be further cleaved to?
899
90
eicosanoids
899
91
second type of regulated Ca2+ channel in the ER
900
92
cells that use Ca2+ signaling
900
93
Ca2+ induced calcium release
900
94
oscillatory vs non oscillatory frequency dependent response in Ca2+
901
95
most important Ca2+-binding protein
902
96
function of calmodulin
902
97
calmodulin structure
902
98
what happens when Ca2+/ calmodulin binds to its target protein?
902
99
Ca2+/ calmodulin function in the Ca2+ release/ positive/negative feedback mechanism
902
100
Ca2+/ calmodulin kinase?
902
101
CaM-kinase function in gene transcription
902
102
what is the best-studied CaM-kinase?
903
103
CaM-kinase II structure and function
903-904
104
activation/deactivation of CaM-kinase
903
105
CaM-kinase II when exposed to both Ca2+ and phosphatase
904
106
G proteins directly regulate ion channels example
acetylcholine sa heart (904)
107
GPCR in olfaction
905
108
G protein in olfaction
905
109
GPCR in vision meachanism
906
110
G protein in vision
906
111
negative feedback loop in the aftermath of a flash of light
rhodopsin kinase (906)
112
example of hydrophobic small signaling molecule that can cross the plasma membrane
NO (908)
113
function of NO in mammals and its mechanism
908
114
use of nitroglycerine
908
115
what catalyzes the production of NO?
908
116
NO and its synthesis of cGMP
908
117
mechanism of viagra
909
118
general modes of adaptation for GPCRs that is centered on inactivation
909
119
desensitization of GPCRs depend on?
GRK; arrestin (910)
120
contribution of arrestin in the desensitization of GPCR
910
121
in general, activation of RTKs
911
122
activation of PDGF
913
123
activation of EGF
913
124
docking sites on RTKs
913
125
example of docked protein enzymes on RTKs + its mechanism
913
126
PI 3-kinase phosphorylates what?
914
127
phosphotyrosine-binding domains of signaling proteins
914
128
protein that bind to RTK which provides negative feedback, decreasing signaling process + mechanism
914
129
ubiquitin interaction motifs (UIM)
915
130
ligand-induced endocytosis of RTKs does not always decrease signaling + example
NGF, TrKA (915)
131
3 major closely-related Ras proteins in humans
915
132
Ras are required in?
915
133
Ras as molecular switch and its activation/inactivation
916
134
development of cancer thru Ras
916
135
how do RTKs normally activate Ras?
activate Ras GEF or inhibit Ras GAP (916)
136
how an RTK activates Ras mechanism (sev)
916
137
function of MAP kinase module
916
138
components of MAP kinase module
917
139
mechanism of MAP kinase module
917
140
how MAP kinase activate a negative feedback loop?
918
141
scaffold protein in MAP kinase modules
918
142
downside of scaffold proteins in MAP kinase modules
918
143
ephrin family example mechanism in how RTKs activate a Rho GTPase
919
144
where is Rho bound to when inactive?
919
145
what receptors can activate PI 3-kinase?
920
146
function/ central part that PI 3 -kinase plays
920
147
why is phosphatidylinositol unusual among membrane lipids?
920
148
what happens when PI 3-kinase is activated?
920
149
why does the production of PI(3,4,5)P_3 matter most?
920
150
how is PI(3,4,5)P_3 made?
920
151
PTEN phosphatase
920
152
mutations in PTEN
920
153
PI 3-kinase that is activated by RTKs
920
154
pleckstrin homology domain and PI(3,4,5)P_3 interaction
921
154
PI 3-kinase that is activated by GPCRs
921
155
function of IGF family
921
155
major pathway activated by the hormone insulin
921
156
mechanism of IGF
921
157
control of cell growth by the PI 3-kinase-Akt pathway depends in part on a protein kinase ________
922
158
mTORC1 and its protein + function
922
159
mTORC2 and its protein + function
922
160
activators of mTORC1
922
161
activation of mTORC1
922
162
tyrosine-kinase-associated receptors
923
163
examples of tyrosine-kinase-associated receptor
923
164
largest family of mammalian cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase + domains they have
923
165
focal adhesion kinase
integrin, src (924)
166
cytokine receptors and its kinase
924
167
latent transcription regulator
924
168
what does JAK activate?
924
169
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
924
170
2 functions of STAT SH2 domain
924
171
mechanism of hormone prolactin
STAT 5 (925)
172
negative feedback of JAK-STAT
925
173
TGFBeta functions and families it contains
926
174
type of receptor kinase domain in TGFBeta
926
175
TGFBeta and receptor serine/threonine kinases
926
176
SARA and caveolae
926
177
Smads shuttle continually between the cytoplasm and the nucleus
926
178
inhibitory Smads
926
179
notch protein function
928
180
lateral inhibition, its transmembrane signal protein, mechanism
928
181
notch-delta mechanism
929
182
gamma-secretase
929
183
presenilin
930
184
Wnt proteins function, why are they unusual?
930
185
Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway mechanism
930-931
186
genes activated by Beta-catenin
Myc (931)
187
human colon cancer and Apc mutation
931
188
notum
931
189
Rnf43, what inactivates it?
931
190
primary cilium function
932
191
hedgehog signaling
932
192
how does patch inhibit smoothened?
932
193
how does hedgehog inhibit patched?
932
194
result of hedgehog signaling
933
195
excessive hedgehog signaling
933
196
cyclopamine
933
197
NFKB proteins function
934
198
