LCSW Flashcards
eriksons stage 2 (early childhood)
autonomy vs shame and doubt
eriksons stage 3 (preschool)
initiative vs guilt
eriksons stage 4 (school age)
industry vs inferiority
eriksons stage 5 (adolescence)
identity vs role confusion
eriksons stage 6 (young adulthood)
intimacy vs isolation
eriksons stage 7 (middle adulthood)
generativity vs stagnation
eriksons stage 8 (maturity)
ego integrity vs despair
eriksons stage 1 (infancy)
trust vs mistrust
primary prevention
trying to prevent a disease like exercise, quitting smoking, diet, vaccine
secondary prevention
trying to detect a disease early like screenings
tertiary prevention
trying to mitigate symptoms of a disease you have like taking meds
Should social workers provide records to clients under all circumstances?
no, if the records could be misunderstood or cause harm, the SW should help the client decipher them
If your colleague has an impairment that hinders treatment, who do you go to first?
FIRST go to the colleague and see how it can be dealt with, only then could you go to the director if necessary
FAREAFI
F: Feelings of the client be acknowledged first above all. Begin building rapport. A: Assess R: Refer E: Educate A: Advocate F: Facilitate I: Intervene
AASPIRINS
A: Acknowledge client/patient. Begin building rapport.
A: Assess
S: Start where the patient is at
P: Protect life (of the individual and community…this one is about
determining/preventing danger to self and others)
I: Intoxicated do not treat. Refer
R: Rule out medical issue
I: Informed consent
N: Non-judgmental stance
S: Support patient self-determination
Korsakoff’s syndrome or Wernicke’s encephalopathy
“wet brain” can be caused by alcohol use or dietary issues, causes a deficiency in thiamine or vitamin B and causes brain damage in the lower parts of the brain (thalamus and hypothalamus) and can cause permanent memory damage
NASW ethical principles
service social justice dignity and worth importance of human relationships competence integrity
capitation
the payment of a fee or grant to a doctor, school, or other person or body providing services to a number of people, such that the amount paid is determined by the number of patients, students, or customers.
when making level of care decisions, which criterion is used in behavioral health settings?
medical necessity
piaget stage from age 2 to 7
Preoperational stage
piaget stage from birth to 2 years
Sensorimotor stage
piaget stage from age 7 to 11
Concrete operational stage
piaget stage from age 12 up
Formal operational stage
unconscious
contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which the clients have no awareness, but that influence every aspect of their day-to-day
preconscious
contains all the info outside of a client’s attention, but is readily available, if needed
conscious
contains all the info that a client is paying attention to in a given moment
superego
moral component, causes client’s to feel guilt when the go against society’s rules
id
contains all the inherited (i.e., biological) components of personality present at birth, including the sex (life) instinct – Eros (which contains the libido), and the aggressive (death) instinct - Thanatos
minnesota multiphasic personality inventory tests
psychopathology by testing schizo, psychasthenia (ability to resist thoughts), hypochondria, paranoia, masculinity.feminity, hysteria
problem -solving process
engage, assess, plan, intervene, evaluate, terminate
co-occuring disorders or dual diagnosis
clients having coexisting mental health and SU disorders
dually diagnosed SU and MH disorders that do not meet the diagnostic threshold individually
should be treated as if they do
prosocial emotion
empathy and guilt
should social workers release all info if sued by a client?
no, only info relevant to the case
replaced the Global assessment of functioning scale and multiaxial diagnostic system in the DSMV
World health organization Disability assessment schedule 2.0 (WHODAS2.0)
authoritarian parenting
strict and demanding with their children. Their parenting style is not often flexible. They generally rely on punishment to maintain obedience. There is rarely room for open communication between parents and kids.
authoritative parenting
This is considered the most effective form of parenting for most children. - high expectations and goals for their kids. These are tempered with an understanding of their kids’ limits. These parents are willing to communicate flexibly. This can make parent-child communication easier.
permissive
nurturing, loving, and supportive, but avoid conflict at any cost. They rarely enforce their own rules. Doing this can be harmful for children, as they thrive on routine.
SOAP
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan (does not account for cost)
crisis intervention
4-6 weeks, time limited, requries high levels of activity. primary goal is to return clients to equilibrium and meeting clients basic needs
equifinality
similar outcomes may stem from different experiences
individual psychology by alfred adler
emphasis on drive to overcome feelings of inferiority by compensation and the need be perfect and valued in society
why is client self-monitoring useful?
allows clients to better understand the cuases and frequency of their behavior
Tardive dyskinesia
neurological disorder of involuntary movements caused by long-term use of antipsychotics (lip-smacking, ehad movements)
rapprochement
1-2 yos, is characterized behaviorally by an active approach back to the caregiver. Children begin to realize the limits of their omnipotence and have a new awareness of their separateness and the separateness of the caregiver.
oral stage
first year of life
anal stage
during toilet training - 2-3 YOs
phallic stage
3-4 YO
latency
age-puberty
genital stage
puberty
who to consult in an ethical issue
FIRST the nasw code of ethics, SECOND supervisor
qualitative evaluation method
data are collected through observations, focus groups, interviews
quantitative evaluation method
measured outcomes like stats
SW cannot terminate services for these reasons:
to pursue social, financial, or sexual relationship
partialization
breaking down PROBLEMS, not just goals into less overwhelming parts. occurs during PLANNING and INTERVENTION
if records are subpoenad
you can claim privilege until you’re court ordered
extinction
withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior (don’t react how expected or desired)
hodgkin’s disease
lymphatic
ego-syntonic
when the ego is comfortable with feelings/behaviors
ego-dystonic
when the ego is not comfortable with feelings/behaviors
Cluster A of personality disorders
Odd, bizzare eccentric: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
Cluster B of personality disorders
Dramatic and erratic: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic
Cluster C of personality disorders
anxious, fearful: Avoidant, Dependant, OCD
When do you ask sensitive questions?
the latter part of the interview
If a client can no longer afford to see you, you should
accept them on a sliding scale, maybe refer out, dont make them acquire debt
social work interviews should be:
serve the client, be informational, diagnostic, or therapuetic, and collect info, does not have to be uniform
humanistic perspective
emphasizes the individual’s inherent value, freedom of action, and
search for meaning.
social constructionist perspective
focuses on how people learn, through their interactions
with each other, to understand the world and their place in it.
developmental perspective
focuses on how human behavior unfolds across the life course
social behavioral perspective
suggests that human behavior is learned as individuals interact with their environments.
psychodynamic perspective
concerned with how internal processes such as needs, drives, and emotions motivate human behavior.
rational choice perspective
sees human behavior as based on self-interest and rational choices about effective ways to accomplish goals.
systems perspective
sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked social systems.
Conflict perspective
draws attention to conflict, inequality, dominance, and oppression in social life.
Group stages of development
forming (preaffiliation), storming (power and control), norming (intimacy), performing (differentiation), and adjourning (seperation/termination)
transvestic disorder
people aroused by crossdressing, and this affects their lives negatively
delirium tremens
occur in alcohol withdrawal (nightmares, confusion, agitation, fever, hallucination)- benzos help
conversion
mental conflict is transferred into a physical symptom to relieve anxiety
children must receive ,,_ from their caregivers
twinship, idealizing, and mirroring
four ways to test reliability/consistency
test/retest, interrater (using two or more raters), alternative or parallel forms (two means of data collection) internal consistency (check measurements within the test)
external validity
ability to generalize results
multicollinearity
two explanatory variables in a multiple regression model are highly linearly related.
folie a deux
shared delusion or psychiatric disorders among two people that are with each other
if possible when reporting to CPS
do it immediately, and the parent calls with you
main difference between social work and medical work
social work focuses on strengths and not deficiencies
when court-ordered
you have to provide what they are asking for
consent vs. assent
children can’t consent, just assent (agree to participate) so you need a parents consent
up for further study, not official diagnoses
caffeine use, attenuated psychosis syndrome, NSSI, suicidal behavior, internet gambling
genetic counseling
help individuals understand the risks of genetic disorders in their born or unborn children
symbiotic stage
1-5 months
normal autistic stage
birth-1 month
DSM 5 replaced not otherwise specified with
other specified and unspecified
When someone hurts or abuses while doing something loving, it’s
double blind communication, the messages are in conflict
if your supervisor wants to use some of your records for group supervision, you should first
get consent from patient
psychoanalytical theory
conscious and unconscious motivations
confabulation
symptom found in certain types of severe memory disorders (korsakoff’s, alzheimer’s, fetal alcohol syndrome) when your brian fills in the blanks of lost memories with things that didn’t happen
steps in trauma informed care
safety/stabilization, mourning/remembrance, reconnection
first step when someone reports DV and asks for help protecting themselves
work with client to protect them via court order and DV shelter/friends they can stay with
cognitive theory
focused on client’s intellectual capacity for recieving, processing, and acting on info
NPD - dramatic expression?
no, but can be self-flagulating about failing
schizotypal vs schizoid
schizotypal are too paranoid to be social, schizoid don’t believe they need friends
prescribing a symptom
when a SW tells a client/family/couple to do the dysfunctional thing they do, in a paradoxical theory that they will realize that it’s dysfunctional and try to communicate effectively now that they have permission to be dysfunctional
CAGE
feel the need to CUT DOWN? get ANNOYED at friends for suggesting you do? feel GUILTY about drinking? ever had an EYEOPENER (morning drink)?
rational emotive behavioral therapy
focuses on encouraging clients to make disctinctions between objective facts and their own feelings
client-centered therapy
focuses on clients resolving their own problems by providing a warm space
reality therapy
focuses on clients behvaior, not feelings, and the present and future rather than the past
experimental design
randomly assigns participants to control group
quasiexperimental design
participants are not randomly assigned to a control group
lyrica
treats seizures, nerve pain fibromyalgia
consequential thinking
used to treat impulsive behaviors, try to think of the consequences first
when trying to think of a setting for MH or SU rehabilitation, pick the option that is:
least restrictive while being safe and effective
magical thinking
begins in children age 3-7 or up to 12, the belief that your thoughts alone can accomplish wishes
percentage of ppl diagnosed with an intellectual disability
1%
broker
social workers that assess resources to link ppl with needs to resources
change agent
SW or person that creates change for larger groups
negative reinforcement
stengthen a behavior that removes a negative outcome (wear sunscreen, now you don’t get burnt)
structural family therapy
helps families understand the rules and roles and how they were created, therapist joins family to help restructure it and set boundaries
strategic family therapy
helps families stop bad cycles, short-term, uses relableling, first and second orer changes, the theory of family homeostasis, etc
couples therapy must have:
a common goal between the two clients
alexithymia
when people can’t express or identify emotions, common in survivors of emotional abuse
first goal of intake
develop rapport
MSEs are not used for
neuro or medical exams
concrete thinking
common in young children and schizophrenics, people that can’t think abstractly
Mcgregor’s theory y approach
people are motivated by participation, not authoratarian
murray bowen
family systems
clients served by ACT
have serious and persistent mental illness
behavioral treatment of depression believes that
symptoms result from lack of positive reinforcement
ataxia
neuro issue that affects voluntary of muscle movements
adjustment disorder
must begin within 3 months of the a defined stressful event
playground observation of behavior
is a behavorial observation
walker problem behavior identification
teacher report assessment
behavioral assertiveness
a roleplay test
child behavior test
a checklist of behaviors
aim inhibition
lowering your expectations
if a child’s conduct is severe and dangerous, they must
go to a residential school
most common ethical issue for SW
confidentiality breach
if a kid is stealing or B&Eing against his parents, you should
express that they can arrest him
persistent vs major depression
persistent does not respond to meds
If a client reports a sexual relationship with a previous SW, you should:
assess if they want to report, don’t report without them
POLST/MOLST
legally executed sets of instructions to med staff about pt choices in an emergency
reaction formation
doing the opposite of the feeling you have
general systems theory
mechanisms of homeostasis
sublimination
diverting your unrealistic or unhealthy desires into acceptable creative activities. Like someone with OCD becoming a cleaner
steps of completing goal
define goal, refer to resources,
block grant
can be spent how org sees fit
categorical grant
must be spent a certain way
parallel process
the SW behaves like the client to demonstrate (unconsciously) to supervisor
civil inattention
common in public spaces and cities, people may neutrally acknolwedge each other but don’t maintain engagement
can a social worker accept good and services in some cases?
no
when is SU discussed?
biopsychosocial, as they may not identify it as a “presenting problem”
does crisis intervention addres mental illness?
not if it’s not identified as relevant to the crisis
structured vs intimate groups
structured is created at work or school intimate is family
three stages of SU treatment
Stabilization, re(habilitation), maintenance
for abusers:
don’t prescribe couples
the biggest ethical dilemma for a SW is
when two core SW values are in opposition
adoption assistance and child welfar act was developed to imrpove:
family reunification
feedback
provides pts with the SWs observations so they can assess their own perspective
ASD inb the DSM5 includes:
Aspergers, Childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder
conciliation
like reconciliation, the SW advises and mediates two or more parties1
coaching
helping a client help themselves, like helping them apply to college
pica vs rumination
pica you eat things that arent food, rumination you chew regurgitated food
paradoxical directive
SW tells ppl to continue symptomatic behavior to show it doesn’t work
stages of troiden’s 4 stage model for LGBT
sensitization, identity confusion, identity assumption, commitment/integration
readiness for change theory
pre-contemplation, contemplation, etc
can supervisors follow supervisees on social media
yes but be careful
self-disclosure should only be used
as a last resort, after having checked with supervisor
social learning theory
asserts that ppls behavior is affected by the observing others (baby repeats moms behavior)
an institutional welfare program
is focused on prevention
residual social welfare
focused on short term emergency needs
somatic symptom disorder
disordered thinking about sx, not just having somatic sx
if you’re not sure if a referral is right for you, contact the referer or the potential client to clarify?
the referer
difficulty using language to write or speak
aphasia
inability to recognize familiar objects
agnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
prosopagnosia
slurred speech
dysarthria
aphephobia
fear of being touched
algophobia
fear of pain
methods to identify client strengths
find exceptions, scale the problem 1-10, scale motivation to change, miracle quesiton
schizophreniform
only 1-6 months
contraindicated
not safe to use (like meds that could be dangerous or make things worse)
endogenous depression
caused by chemical imbalance rather than psychosocial stressor
hypomanic
elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
histrionic pd sx
melodramatic, need attention and approval of others, can have good social skills but can be manipulative, but NOT suicidal or self-harming,
postmorbid vs premorbid
after vs before the onset of an illness
differential diagnosis
the process of differentiating between two or more conditions which share similar signs or symptoms.
most consistent factor associated with beneficial outcomes
positive therapeutic relationship
purposes of interviews
informational, diagnostic, or therapuetic.
goals of crisis intervention
1) relieve impact of stress
2) return client to previous level of functioning
3) srengthen coping mechanisms
4) develop adaptive coping strategy
empowerment steps
1) establish relationship to meet client needs
2) educate client to improve skills
3) help client secure resources
4) unite client with others with same experiences
cyclothymic disorder
oscillate between hypomanic or mildly manic and mild depression, like bipolar but less severe
content validity
is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?
construct validity
does the test measure what it’s supposed to?
face validity
does the content of the test appear to suitable to it’s aims?
criterion validity
do the results correspond to a different test of the same thing?
emotional fusion
when a family has the same emotional reactions to things
milieu therapy
encourages patients to take responsibility for themselves and others
rational emotive behavior therapy
focuses on beliefs and how people construct reality with their beliefs/emotional disturbance related to beliefs
studys actually show that religious people have a more ___ locus of control
internal
adolescent concerns evaluation
determines risk of kid running away
child and parent report of posttraumatic sx
measures PTSD
family projection process
how families pass on their problems to their kids
borderline personalities use the defenses of
splitting and projection
does crisis debreifing or crtitical incident stress debriefing work?
it’s rated to work well but is not long-term effective in preventing PTSD or mood idsorders
follows a diagnosis that we dont have enough info for
provisional
recommendd for children that survived CSA
group
frotteurism
kink of rubbing up against non-consenting ppl in public
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
starts before age ten, temper outburst, angry moods, etc
psuedomutuality
a family present as in agreement but it’s forced
the gottman method
couples therapy that includes a thorough assessment of the couple’s relationship and integrates research-based interventions based on the Sound Relationship House Theory
bowenian family therapy
the goal is not symptom reduction, the goal is intergenerational transmission process which is assumed to help w sx. uses differentiation.
common couple problems
triggering each other w/o repairing trauma, inability to bond after damaging each other, lack of skills/knowledge
permanency planning
belief that children need permanence to thrive
three keys of termination
1) evaluate goals met/not met 2) adress issues related to ending the relationship c) plan for subsequent steps to keep progress w/o SW
5 case mgmt activities
assessment, planning, linking, montoring, advocacy
5 sets of requirements that SWs must be aware of
constitutional law, statutory law, regulatory law, courtmade/common law, executive orders
6 steps of ethical problem solving
1) identify standards by NASW code of ethics
2) determine if there is an issue/dillema
3) weigh issue according to NASW
4) suggest modifications
5) implement modifications
6) monitor for new ethical dilemmas
can you hire or engage in sexual relationship with a former client?
no, a former client is always your client
family life education
skills and activities to promote family health, with roots in the 1900s, formalized recently
stress inoculation therapy
developed in the 1970s by Meichenbaum, using CBT and coping strategies
secondary gain
the client is benefitting in an unseen way from one of their sx, so intervention must address that
most common trait in DV perpetrators
entitlement/belief that being in a relationship demands control of the partner
what kind of reinforcement or punishment creates very persistent behaviors
intermittent reinforcement
existential theory
client has self-determination
melancholic features
loss of pleasure in activites, decreased appetite
atypical features
mood reactivity, hypersomnia, increased appetite, strange physical sensations
catatonia
psychomotor disturbance, extreme inactivity
nucleur family
people choose partners with similar levels of differentiation as their family
stages of community based orientation
orientation, conlfict, emergence, reinforcement
should groups share leadership when possible?
yes, even informal groups like people in a nursing home with a common goal
when DV is possible, FIRST
try to assess if person can stay there tonight
is there are suicide plans, what to do NEXT
arrange for crisis assessment
when kids are at risk for accidents in a chaotic home, what to do NEXT
safety plan
if you’re the group facilitator and the group is too long or unwieldy, what do you do?
redirect anyone digressing or talking too long
fatalism
the belief that events are predetermined and inevitable
FIRST step in program evaluation
determine goals
avoidant personality disorder
hypersensitive to rejection, need to be liked, they do like people but isolate anyway, low self-esteem, antisocial
when a minor may become homeless, FIRST
contact a youth shelter
when a client could be fired for being a sex offender, how can you help them
teach them how to disclose that they are sex offenders
what can improve service delivery to cultural diverse
include services delivered by people in those communities
more likely in women
prescription drug abuse
empathy
trying to understand the client’s perspective and your own/objectivity at the same time
triangulation
moving attention away from the two people in conflict
approaches vs actions
approaches are more vague, if the question asks for an approach it’s more of an outlook, if it asks for a step its more like an action
supervisors must always
document topics discussed in supervision
if someone dissociates during intercourse and has other trauma sx, assess for
CSA
if a client is having transference, what to do FIRST
help the client explore reasons for this, then you can reset or set new boundaries
if a kid is being overly sexual or violent
assess possible abuse, then possible exposure to seeing sexual or violent content
LGBT is most in need of treatment during
coming out phase
when a child exhibits bad behaviors at school, what do we want to assess
why the behaviors are occuring (in general, could be anything)
white SWs can misinterpret ____ from native clients
eye contact
when doing education or group work with teens, what should we know about them developmentally
conflict with authority is normal at this age
trait unique to schizoid
restricted range or emotional experience and expression
FIRST step in evaluation of racism or any potential issue in an agency
analyze their policies and procedures
when a kid has bruises and behavioral issues, what to do FIRST
interview the student
most practical research design for agency eval
quasi experimental
when an adult admits to giving their kids booze or drugs for any reason
file child abuse report
when a kids behavior changes quickly and they isolate, why could it be?
developmental crises
what developmental need is most relevant in discussing sex or sexual exploitation with parents/adolescents
intimacy
what to do FIRST or NEXT always when assessing childhood behavior issues or changes
further psych testing/interviewing/medical testing
what to assess first with a kid with disordered eating and promiscuity and low self esteem
sexual abuse
when the SW tells a client to call them after a new service or plan for something new
SW is attempting to increase clients success
best strategy for evaluating a childs progress
periodic case review conferences
informed consent
decisions made by client after receiving all info
when family/friends of addict minimize behavior and support their explanations of issues
enabling
ombudsperson
the person that makes sure ethical requirements are met at an agency
should you encourage parents to work with CPS/DCf if they don’t want to?
no, inform them that it is their choice
do you have to hospitalize someone detoxing from alcohol?
no, discuss the risks with them but it is thier choice
in a recently hospitalized SI pt, what could strengthen their risk of suicide?
the recent energy from being hospitalized could give them the energy to pursue lethal means
what is not included in ADLs
basic household tasks like food shopping, cooking, cleaning
when working with repeat sex offenders, are they a reliable source of information?
no, they are less reliable than law enforcement
what to monitor in the first 2 months of an antidepressant change or start?
SI
main purpose of first interview vs first session
interview is to assess reason for treatment, first session is to establish rapport, but be building rapport in both
ideas of reference
thoughts that other ppls action has something to do with you. different from magical thinking in that it relates to other ppls actions, not just anything
conversion disorder
physical sx with no physical basis/explanation, sx are due to conversion
authority complex
person has repressed concepts of authority tht they satisfy by projecting power onto others
electra
female oedipus
single subject design is best in
inpatient psych facility, bc you have a lot of control
pre-experimental research
intervenes and measures, does not include random assigning of participants and groups
hyperacusia
extreme sensitivity to loud sounds
certificate of confidentiality
gov-issued document for researchers to protect privacy of human research subjects
interrator/interobserver reliability
consistency among different feedback of the same thing
executive functioning
higher order cognitive processes like impulse control, inhibition, distractability, planning, short term memory
AUDIT
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, just assesses how much drinking and consequences of use
symbolic interactionism theory
states that our self-concept is a result of social experiences and is based on how we think others view us. ex) symbols can be a compliment or high five from a popular kid, makes you feel more popular
preconventional morality
stages 1 and 2 - we are toddlers and learn morality based on what we are rewarded and punished for
conventional morality
stages 3 and 4 - middle school, we learn morality by what is seen as good by others, and want to be seen as good
Postconventional morality
stages 5 and 6, high school and beyond when we learn right and wrong for real, we can stand up for what is right in the face of oppression
CBT
focuses on the clients present problem
acculteration
full assimilation to the dominant culture, can be negative
in crisis management, what comes before exploring feelings and plannning?
building rapport
sculpting
group/family therapy technique when a member expresses their view by having each other member be directed into a certain position and then freezing there
choreographing
group/family therapy technique when a member dramatically reenacts the life of another group member to clarify a conflict
doubling
group/family therapy technique when a member acts an alter-ego
mirroring
group/family therapy technique when a member reenacts someone’s behavior
misconduct
different form slander, libel, fraud - when a SW provides services outside of their expertise
problem identification
crisis intervention step when the client discusses the stressor that led to the crisis
best intervention for grief
group
highest risk for OD
tricyclic antidepressants
7 steps of crisis intervention
Assess safety Rapport ID problem Explore Feelings Coping Skills Action Plan Follow up Plan
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
result from malnutrition in children
rationalization
we can’t accept a difficulty truth so we make up a logical explanation
most jealous personality disorder
NPD
should we accept all client behaviors?
at first yes, but later in treatment, certain interventions will deem certain behaviors worth expressing unacceptance of
splitting
inability to hold opposing thoughts, feelings, or beliefs
can social workers touch clients
yes
when do kids learn to recognize emotions and nonverbal expressions in others
age 4-5, and by age 8 they have adult level of this
which social work role is most empowering to clients
counselor
do schizoid and schizotypal have hallucinations
no
if you hear from the client that someone else violated HIPAA
have the client report it. you can only report if you see the violation
when is termination discussed
when the treatment plan is being made
what does punishing do?
suppresses a behavior in the punishing environment, but not in all environments
guardian ad litem
appointed by a judge to represent a child or someone who can’t represent themselves
untreated,unreported CSA in a family will lead to
the kids will allow or perpetuate that dysfunction in the families they create
disorganized schizophrenia includes
periods of adequate daily functioning
who criticized the concept of self esteem, saying that it should not be valued, rather we should accept ourselves and others
albert ellis, founder of rational-emotive therapy?
