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LCB > LCB3 > Flashcards

LCB3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte?

A
  • Lipid bilayer membrane of globular proteins
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • Elasticitity/derfomability: allows passage of capillaries
  • Has alpha and beta polypeptide pairs
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2
Q

What does a failure of Na+ movement cause in erythrocytes?

A

Swelling and loss of biconcave shape

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3
Q

What are the shape of erythrocytes in the dog?

A

-Central concave pallor

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4
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the cat?

A
  • Smaller
  • less concave pallor
  • variation in size
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5
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the horse

A

-rouleaux formation (clustering)

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6
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the ruminant?

A
  • crenation (spikey) formation

- variation in size

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7
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the camelid?

A
  • oval shaped

- ellipsoid

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8
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the avian + reptile?

A
  • nucleated
  • larger
  • eryhtroplastids (non nucleus)
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9
Q

What is the haem group in the erythrocyte?

A

-Contains iron- binds to oxygen

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10
Q

What occurs in hypoxic tissues?

A
  • 2,3-diphosphoglyceride is released
  • facilitates release of oxygen and removal of waste
  • NO binds to Hb= vasodilation
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11
Q

What is the process of development of an erthroycyte?

A

1) Pluripotent stem cell within bone marrow
2) Differentiation into erythroblastas- pronormoblast, early, intermediate and late normoblast
3) Differentiation into reticulocyte within the blood
4) Differentiation into an erythrocyte in blood
- as you go down nucleus becomes smaller and Hb levels increase
- role of CSFs + IL-7

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12
Q

Why is the kidney in a fish an important haemaatopic organ?

A

Contains large amounts of haemopoetic stem cells

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13
Q

What is erythropoetin?

A

A hormone that increases rate of erythrocyte production

  • binds to receptor on CFU-E
  • occurs in response to reduced O2 transport
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14
Q

Where is EPO found?

A
  • ADULT: produced by kidney

- FOETAL: yolk sac, liver, kidney, spleen, BM

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15
Q

Where is iron found in the body?

A

-30% bound to ferritin in macrophages in liver, spleen and BM
-70% as haemoglobin
-

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16
Q

What happens when RBCs age?

A
  • loose sialic acid from surface: expose galactose = phagocytosis
  • become more fragile
  • swell
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17
Q

How are RBCs broken down?

A

1) Damaged RBCs are phagocytoized by macrophage
2) Recycling of haemoglobin + iron
- Hb becomes bilirubin which is excreted in bile (liver)
- globin becomes amino acids
- iron ions are stored as ferritin in liver (in maracrophages)
- some iron ions go to BM for erythropoiesis by TRANSFERRIN

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18
Q

Why does iron have to be broken down/recycled?

A

Free iron is toxic as it acts as a catalyst in formation of free radicals from reactive O2 species

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19
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A

A complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin + other

-large deposits may lead to organ damage

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20
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Primary intracellular iron storage protein

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21
Q

What are some laboratory blood tests?

A
  • Haemocytometer: RBC count
  • Microhaematocrit: % RBC by volume to total blood
  • Microscopic examination of blood smears
  • Automated analysers
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22
Q

What does a microhaematocrit measure?

A

PCV

-Measures ratio of volume occupied by packed RBC to whole blood

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23
Q

What is the coulter principle?

A

Electrical
Enumerates and identifies blood cell populations
-amplitude of pulse proportional to cell volume
-pulse frequency is proportional to cell no.

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24
Q

What is MCV?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

Average volume of RBCs

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25
Q

What is haemotocritt or PCV?

A

Fraction of whole blood that consists of RBCs

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26
Q

How do you calculate PCV?

A

PCV= MCV X RBC COUNT / 100

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27
Q

What is MCH?

A
  • Mean corpuscular haemoglobin

- avverage amount of Hb per RBC in pictograms

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28
Q

How do you calculate MCH?

A

MCH= Hb X 10 / RBC COUNT

29
Q

What is MCHC?

A

Mean corpuscular Hb concentration

-average concentration of Hb in RBCs

30
Q

How do you calculate MCHC?

A

Hb X 100/ PCV

31
Q

What are the limitations of automated systems in counting RBCs?

A
  • do not give reliabe differentiatial white cell counts
  • small RBC are undercounted, counted as platelets
  • large platelets counted as RBC
  • can’t ientify RBC morphology or WBC morphology or parasites
32
Q

What occurs to erythrocyte sedimentation rate in disease

A

increases

-as changes in plasma encourage agglutination (larger aggregates sediment more rapidly)

33
Q

Is measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate a good identification of disease in all species?

A
  • not in horses as ESR is already too high in healthy to notice an increase in unhealthy
  • ruminants: have no increase in ESR due to disease
  • dog: YES 5-10mm/h
  • cat: YES 2-14mm/h
34
Q

What occurs during anaemia?

A
  • Capacity of blood to transport o2 decreases
  • reduced no. of circulating erythrocytes
  • reduced amount of Hb per erythrocyte
35
Q

What is an increase in cell size (MCV) called?

A

macrocytic

36
Q

What is a decrease in MCV called?

A

microcytic

37
Q

What is a high Hb content (MCHC) called?

A

Hyperchromic

38
Q

What is a low Hb content MCHC called?

A

Hypochromic

39
Q

What is a high reticulocyte count defined as?

A

Regenerative anemia

40
Q

What 3 things characterise anemia?

A
  • Cell size (MCV)
  • Hb content (MCHC)
  • Reticulocyte count
41
Q

What are the combinations of blood groups of cats?

A

A,B,AB

42
Q

What do antibodies against RBC antigen cause?

A
  • Agglutination

- Haemolysis of RBCs

43
Q

What are alloantibodies?

A

Specific antibodies directed against erythrocyte antigen present in the same species but not in individual producing antibody
-produced in neonatal isoerythroysis

44
Q

How many antigens does DEA 1 have?

A

3

45
Q

What do you test against for blood group system in dogs

A

Whether dog is DEA 1 .1 positive or DEA 1.1 negative as DEA 1.1 is the most immunogenic

46
Q

What is the highest prevalence of blood group in cats?

A

A

47
Q

What blood groups contain alloantibodies in cats?

A

A- has anti B (low)
B- has anti A (high)
AB- has none

48
Q

What occurs when a type B cat recieves type A blood?

A

-Massive intravascular haemolysis

49
Q

What occurs when a type A cat receives type B blood?

A

-Extravascular haemolysis

50
Q

What is the blood group system in horses?

A
  • 7 blood groups

- A, C, D, K, P Q, U

51
Q

What is neonatal isoeryhtroylsis

A

When the mare produces antibodies against foals different blood group

52
Q

What are the different blood typing methods?

A
  • blood typing cards: antibodies are embedded in paper that cause an agglutination reaction when bound to antigen
  • blood cross matching: assess blood compatibility between donor + recipient
53
Q

What is a major cross match?

A

Detects if recipients serum contains antibodies against donor RBCs

54
Q

What is a minor cross match?

A

Detects if donors serum contains any antibodies against recipients RBCs

55
Q

What is oxyglobin?

A

Chemically modified Hb of bovine origin

56
Q

What are requirements of donors?

A

Cats: over 4.5 kg (40-50ml collected)
Dogs: over 25kg (450ml collected)

57
Q

What are the roles and functions of a complement?

A
  • recognise pathogen/danger signals + trigger responses
  • directly lyse/oponise pathogens
  • act as a chemoattractant
  • trigger degranulation of mast cells
58
Q

What is zymogen?

A

An inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme.
Complement system activates zymogen like proteins

59
Q

What are the complement system modes of action?

A
  • direct inhibitor/blockade
  • decay accelerator factors
  • found on WBC surfaces
  • CD59 inhibits formation of MAC
  • part of innate system- non specific
60
Q

What are the 3 different pathways of the complement system?

A
  • Classical
  • MB Lectin
  • Alternative
61
Q

Outline the classical pathway

A

1) inactive C1 converted into active C1 catalysed by antigen-antibody complex
2) C4 broken down to C4B + C4a
3) C2 broken down and combined with C3b2
4) formation of C4b2b
5) formation of C3b5b

62
Q

Outline the alternative pathway

A

1) C3 converted into C3b + C3a by spontaneous breakdown

2) C3b

63
Q

What is the central role of C3 and where is it made?

A
  • made by macrophages in liver
  • highest concentration of serum complement
  • breaks down to C3a to C3b
64
Q

What are the functions of C3b?

A
  • bind microbe surface via carbohydrates

- bind factor H on host cells taking C3b out of circulation

65
Q

What is the function of C3a?

A

Acts as an anaphylotoxin /chemoattractant

66
Q

What protein molecules are anaphylotoxins/chemoattractants?

A

C3a C4a C5a

67
Q

What are the functions of anaphylotoxins C3a C4a C5a?

A
  • cause vasodilation
  • activates mast cells+neutrophils
  • increases fluid in tissue + speeds up lymph flow
68
Q

Outline the membrane attack complex

A

-endpoint of all 3 activation pathways
1) C5 cleavage : C5a + C5b
2) C5b +C6 –> C5bC6 + C7 –> C5b:C6:C7
3) allows insertion of C7 into phospholipid bilayer
4) C8beta binds C5b + joins surface
5) C8alpha inserts into cell membrane
6) 10-16 copies of C9 to polymerise on cell surface
Function- opens bacteria cell cytosol –> penetration of host lysosome

69
Q

When do you give a blood transfusion?

A

When PCV has fallen to less than 10% OR rapidly in dogs to less than 20% (cats 15%)

LCB (3 decks)

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