Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

LCB > LCB3 > Flashcards

LCB3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of an erythrocyte?

A
  • Lipid bilayer membrane of globular proteins
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • Elasticitity/derfomability: allows passage of capillaries
  • Has alpha and beta polypeptide pairs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a failure of Na+ movement cause in erythrocytes?

A

Swelling and loss of biconcave shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the shape of erythrocytes in the dog?

A

-Central concave pallor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the cat?

A
  • Smaller
  • less concave pallor
  • variation in size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the horse

A

-rouleaux formation (clustering)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the ruminant?

A
  • crenation (spikey) formation

- variation in size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the camelid?

A
  • oval shaped

- ellipsoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the shape of eythrocytes in the avian + reptile?

A
  • nucleated
  • larger
  • eryhtroplastids (non nucleus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the haem group in the erythrocyte?

A

-Contains iron- binds to oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs in hypoxic tissues?

A
  • 2,3-diphosphoglyceride is released
  • facilitates release of oxygen and removal of waste
  • NO binds to Hb= vasodilation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the process of development of an erthroycyte?

A

1) Pluripotent stem cell within bone marrow
2) Differentiation into erythroblastas- pronormoblast, early, intermediate and late normoblast
3) Differentiation into reticulocyte within the blood
4) Differentiation into an erythrocyte in blood
- as you go down nucleus becomes smaller and Hb levels increase
- role of CSFs + IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why is the kidney in a fish an important haemaatopic organ?

A

Contains large amounts of haemopoetic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is erythropoetin?

A

A hormone that increases rate of erythrocyte production

  • binds to receptor on CFU-E
  • occurs in response to reduced O2 transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is EPO found?

A
  • ADULT: produced by kidney

- FOETAL: yolk sac, liver, kidney, spleen, BM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is iron found in the body?

A

-30% bound to ferritin in macrophages in liver, spleen and BM
-70% as haemoglobin
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when RBCs age?

A
  • loose sialic acid from surface: expose galactose = phagocytosis
  • become more fragile
  • swell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are RBCs broken down?

A

1) Damaged RBCs are phagocytoized by macrophage
2) Recycling of haemoglobin + iron
- Hb becomes bilirubin which is excreted in bile (liver)
- globin becomes amino acids
- iron ions are stored as ferritin in liver (in maracrophages)
- some iron ions go to BM for erythropoiesis by TRANSFERRIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why does iron have to be broken down/recycled?

A

Free iron is toxic as it acts as a catalyst in formation of free radicals from reactive O2 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is haemosiderin?

A

A complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin + other

-large deposits may lead to organ damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is ferritin?

A

Primary intracellular iron storage protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some laboratory blood tests?

A
  • Haemocytometer: RBC count
  • Microhaematocrit: % RBC by volume to total blood
  • Microscopic examination of blood smears
  • Automated analysers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does a microhaematocrit measure?

A

PCV

-Measures ratio of volume occupied by packed RBC to whole blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the coulter principle?

A

Electrical
Enumerates and identifies blood cell populations
-amplitude of pulse proportional to cell volume
-pulse frequency is proportional to cell no.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is MCV?

A

Mean corpuscular volume

Average volume of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is haemotocritt or PCV?
Fraction of whole blood that consists of RBCs
26
How do you calculate PCV?
PCV= MCV X RBC COUNT / 100
27
What is MCH?
- Mean corpuscular haemoglobin | - avverage amount of Hb per RBC in pictograms
28
How do you calculate MCH?
MCH= Hb X 10 / RBC COUNT
29
What is MCHC?
Mean corpuscular Hb concentration | -average concentration of Hb in RBCs
30
How do you calculate MCHC?
Hb X 100/ PCV
31
What are the limitations of automated systems in counting RBCs?
- do not give reliabe differentiatial white cell counts - small RBC are undercounted, counted as platelets - large platelets counted as RBC - can't ientify RBC morphology or WBC morphology or parasites
32
What occurs to erythrocyte sedimentation rate in disease
increases | -as changes in plasma encourage agglutination (larger aggregates sediment more rapidly)
33
Is measuring erythrocyte sedimentation rate a good identification of disease in all species?
- not in horses as ESR is already too high in healthy to notice an increase in unhealthy - ruminants: have no increase in ESR due to disease - dog: YES 5-10mm/h - cat: YES 2-14mm/h
34
What occurs during anaemia?
- Capacity of blood to transport o2 decreases - reduced no. of circulating erythrocytes - reduced amount of Hb per erythrocyte
35
What is an increase in cell size (MCV) called?
macrocytic
36
What is a decrease in MCV called?
microcytic
37
What is a high Hb content (MCHC) called?
Hyperchromic
38
What is a low Hb content MCHC called?
Hypochromic
39
What is a high reticulocyte count defined as?
Regenerative anemia
40
What 3 things characterise anemia?
- Cell size (MCV) - Hb content (MCHC) - Reticulocyte count
41
What are the combinations of blood groups of cats?
A,B,AB
42
What do antibodies against RBC antigen cause?
- Agglutination | - Haemolysis of RBCs
43
What are alloantibodies?
Specific antibodies directed against erythrocyte antigen present in the same species but not in individual producing antibody -produced in neonatal isoerythroysis
44
How many antigens does DEA 1 have?
3
45
What do you test against for blood group system in dogs
Whether dog is DEA 1 .1 positive or DEA 1.1 negative as DEA 1.1 is the most immunogenic
46
What is the highest prevalence of blood group in cats?
A
47
What blood groups contain alloantibodies in cats?
A- has anti B (low) B- has anti A (high) AB- has none
48
What occurs when a type B cat recieves type A blood?
-Massive intravascular haemolysis
49
What occurs when a type A cat receives type B blood?
-Extravascular haemolysis
50
What is the blood group system in horses?
- 7 blood groups | - A, C, D, K, P Q, U
51
What is neonatal isoeryhtroylsis
When the mare produces antibodies against foals different blood group
52
What are the different blood typing methods?
- blood typing cards: antibodies are embedded in paper that cause an agglutination reaction when bound to antigen - blood cross matching: assess blood compatibility between donor + recipient
53
What is a major cross match?
Detects if recipients serum contains antibodies against donor RBCs
54
What is a minor cross match?
Detects if donors serum contains any antibodies against recipients RBCs
55
What is oxyglobin?
Chemically modified Hb of bovine origin
56
What are requirements of donors?
Cats: over 4.5 kg (40-50ml collected) Dogs: over 25kg (450ml collected)
57
What are the roles and functions of a complement?
- recognise pathogen/danger signals + trigger responses - directly lyse/oponise pathogens - act as a chemoattractant - trigger degranulation of mast cells
58
What is zymogen?
An inactive substance which is converted into an enzyme when activated by another enzyme. Complement system activates zymogen like proteins
59
What are the complement system modes of action?
- direct inhibitor/blockade - decay accelerator factors - found on WBC surfaces - CD59 inhibits formation of MAC - part of innate system- non specific
60
What are the 3 different pathways of the complement system?
- Classical - MB Lectin - Alternative
61
Outline the classical pathway
1) inactive C1 converted into active C1 catalysed by antigen-antibody complex 2) C4 broken down to C4B + C4a 3) C2 broken down and combined with C3b2 4) formation of C4b2b 5) formation of C3b5b
62
Outline the alternative pathway
1) C3 converted into C3b + C3a by spontaneous breakdown | 2) C3b
63
What is the central role of C3 and where is it made?
- made by macrophages in liver - highest concentration of serum complement - breaks down to C3a to C3b
64
What are the functions of C3b?
- bind microbe surface via carbohydrates | - bind factor H on host cells taking C3b out of circulation
65
What is the function of C3a?
Acts as an anaphylotoxin /chemoattractant
66
What protein molecules are anaphylotoxins/chemoattractants?
C3a C4a C5a
67
What are the functions of anaphylotoxins C3a C4a C5a?
- cause vasodilation - activates mast cells+neutrophils - increases fluid in tissue + speeds up lymph flow
68
Outline the membrane attack complex
-endpoint of all 3 activation pathways 1) C5 cleavage : C5a + C5b 2) C5b +C6 --> C5bC6 + C7 --> C5b:C6:C7 3) allows insertion of C7 into phospholipid bilayer 4) C8beta binds C5b + joins surface 5) C8alpha inserts into cell membrane 6) 10-16 copies of C9 to polymerise on cell surface Function- opens bacteria cell cytosol --> penetration of host lysosome
69
When do you give a blood transfusion?
When PCV has fallen to less than 10% OR rapidly in dogs to less than 20% (cats 15%)

LCB (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions