Laz Resp Flashcards
What are the aims of oxygen therapy compared to ventilation?
Oxygen therapy aims to raise the fraction of inspired oxuygen> raises gradient of oxygen at alveoli > raises oxygen absorption into blood
ventilation aims to recruit more alveoli into respiratory process by maintaining them open (increasing surface area for gas exchange)
what are the two types of NIV
CPAP
BIPAP
Explain pressures in CPAP
IPAP = EPAP
Explain how CPAP works
it provides continuous positive airway pressure
thereby holding the alveoli open during expiration to avoid collapse
this is especially useful when there is some lung frailty / issues making it more likely for alveoli to collapse
thereby increasing alveolar recriutment means MORE OXYGENATION
what conditions is CPAP useful in then
in T1RF (hypoxia with normocapnia)
what are pressures like in BiPAP and what does BiPAP stand for
Bilevel Positive Aiway P
IPAP > EPAP
e.g. IPAP=10, EPAP=5
what does BiPAP do that CPAP doesn’t
The difference between I and E PAP creates a gradient, so patient can breathe out some of the carbon dioxide that they are retaining
what conditions is BiPAP used for then
used for T2RF (hypoxia with hypercapnia)
what are three common gram positive bacteria
staph
strep
c diff
what kinds of infections do gram +ve bacteria commonly cause
pneumonia
skin infection
colitis
sepsis
what are the three main categories of antibiotics that work well for gram +ve
Beta lactams
Glycopeptides
Oxazolidinones
List beta lactams
- Penicillins (amoxicillin, fluclox, tazocin)
- cephaosporin (cefalexin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime)
- carbapanem (meropenem)
What is the most broad spec antibiotic active against almost all gram +ves
Meropenem
List glycopeptided
vancomycin
teicoplanin
list Oxazolidinones
linezoid
what is linezoid typically used against
MRSA
list examples of gram neg bacteria
E coli
P aeroginosa
K pneumonia
Salmonella
What infections are typically caused by gram negs
UTI
Pneumonia
GI infection
what antibiotic classes work against gram negs
aminoglycosides
fluoroquinolones
list some aminoglycosides
gentamicin
amikacin
what is a side effect of aminoglycosides
renal failure - be aware of renal monitoring as NEPHROTOXIC
list some fluoroquinolones
ciprofloxacin
levofloxacin
what are two other categories of antibiotics
tetracyclines
nitroimidazoles
list examples of tetracyclines and what they are good for
doxy, tigecycline
useful for chlamydia, mycoplasma > STI or pneumonia
list examples of nitroimidazoles and what infections they are used for
metronidazole
good for anaerobes e.g. aspiration pneumonia, abscess
