Lay Beliefs And Health Promotion Flashcards
What are lay beliefs?
How people understand health and illness
Constructed by people with no specialised knowledge
Socially embedded
Drawn from many different sources
What is the negative definition of health?
Health equates to the absence of illness
What is the functional definition of health?
Health is the ability to do certain things
Can they still do what is important to them?
What is the positive definition of health?
Health is a state of well-being and fitness
Something you can aspire to and work towards
Describe candidacy
The idea that only a certain type of people get a particular illness therefore others are unlikely to get it
What is a health behaviour?
Activity undertaken for purpose of maintain health and preventing illness
Define illness behaviour
Activity of an ill person to define illness and seek solution
What is sick role behaviour?
Formal response to symptoms including seeking formal help and action of person as a patient
Name some influences on health behaviour
Culture Visibility or salience of Sx Extent to which Sx disrupt life Frequency and persistent Tolerance threshold Info and understanding Availability of resources Lay referral
What is the lay referral system?
The chain advice-seeking contact which the sick make with other lay people prior to/instead of seeking help from HCPs
Describe deniers/distancers
Deny having the disease or ‘proper’
Because it doesn’t interfere with life
Use strategies to hide it and don’t take medication or attend clinics
Describe acceptors
Accepted diagnosis and advice completely
Normal life involves control of Sx via media
Not a stigmatised identity
Proactive about going to clinics etc
Describe pragmatists
Use their medications but only when it gets bad
Not as prescribed
Describe the principle of empowering in health promotion
Enabling individuals and communities to assume more power over the determinants of their health
Describe the participatory principle of health promotion
Involving all concerned at all stages of the process
Describe the holistic principle of health promotion
Fostering physical, mental, social and spiritual health
Describe the intersectoral principle of health promotion
Involving collaboration of agencies from relevant sectors
Describe the equitable principle of health promotion
Guided by concern for equity and social justice
Describe the sustainable principle of health promotion
Bringing about changes that individuals and communities can maintain once funding has ended
Describe the multi-strategy principle of health promotion
Using a variety of approaches
What are the criticisms of health promotion?
Neglecting wider environment
Focus on individuals responsibility - victim blaming?
Monitoring and regulating the population - unethical?
Life choices are tied up with identity - easier for wealthy
What is the medical/preventive approach to health promotion?
Early detection and treatment
Prevention of consequences or prevent risky behaviour starting
What is the behaviour change approach to health promotion?
Health behaviours and theories for psych used in campaigns
For patients and doctors because practice may need changing
What is the education approach to health promotion?
Give info about effects of risky behaviour
Stop or prevent starting
What is the empowerment approach to health promotion?
Patient centred
Asking them what they want to know and how they might go about changing behaviour
What is the social change approach to health promotion?
Creating the healthy behaviour as the norm
Eg. Banning smoking in public places
What are the 3 levels of prevention?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Describe primary prevention
To prevent onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure to risk factors
Eg. Immunisation, prevention of contact
Describe secondary prevention
To detect and treat a disease (or its risk factors) at an early stage
Eg. Screening for cancer, monitoring BP
Describe tertiary prevention
Minimise the effects established disease
Eg. Rehab
What are the 3 types of health promotion evaluation?
Process
Impact
Outcome
Describe process evaluation of health promotion
Assess process of programme implementation
Interviews, observation etc
Wide range of qualitative methods
Describe impact evaluation of health promotion
Assess immediate effects of intervention
More popular as is easiest
Need to have collected baseline date first
Describe outcome evaluation of health promotion
Measure more long term consequences
May be affected by delay (interventions taking a long time to have an effect) or decay (some interventions wear off)
What are the difficulties with evaluation of health promotion?
Design of intervention - several bits?
Possible lag time
Confounding factors
High cost of evaluations
