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Pharmacology Of Lower GI AAU > LAXATIVES And Antidiarrhes Drugs > Flashcards

LAXATIVES And Antidiarrhes Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Laxatives are commonly used in the treatment of constipation to (3)

A

to accelerate the motility of the bowel,
soften the stool,
and increase the frequency of bowel movements.

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2
Q

—They may cause electrolyte imbalances when used chronically.

A

No answer here

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3
Q

—Constipation is not a disease but a symptom of an underlying disease or problem like

A

—Disorders of the GI tract (e.g., irritable bowel syndrome or diverticulitis)
—metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes) or
—endocrine disorders (e.g., hypothyroidism)may cause constipation.
—Pregnancy

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4
Q

Constipation commonly results from

A

diet low in fiber

from use of constipating drugs such as opiates

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5
Q

life style change in constipation

A

—Avoid refined food (eat whole grains)
—Vegetables & fruits
—Exercise regularly (walking)
—Toilet habits

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6
Q

Classification of laxatives (5)

A 
—1Stimulant laxatives 
—2Bulk laxatives 
—3Osmotic laxatives 
—4Stool softeners (emollient laxatives or surfactants) 
—5Chloride channel activators
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7
Q

STIMULANT LAXATIVES mechanism

A

They increase intestinal motility by various mechanisms

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8
Q

STIMULANT LAXATIVES adverse effects

A

They may cause abdominal cramps

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9
Q

STIMULANT LAXATIVES and pregnancy

A

—Should used only with caution in pregnancy, and never where intestinal obstruction is suspected.

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10
Q

STIMULANT LAXATIVES are 4

A

Bisacodyl
Sodium picosulphate
Senna
Caster oil

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11
Q

Bisacodyl mechanism

A

stimulates sensory endings in the colon by direct action from the lumen.

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12
Q

Sodium picosulphate

A

is similar and is also used to evacuate the bowel for investigative procedures and surgery.

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13
Q

Castor oil mechanism

A

promptly increases peristalsis. (not used now)

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14
Q

Castor oil kinetic

A

broken down in the small intestine to ricinoleic acid, which is very irritating to the stomach

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15
Q

Castor oil and pregnancy

A

Pregnant patients should avoid castor oil because it may stimulate uterine contractions.

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16
Q

STOOL BULKING AGENTS mechanism

A

which add fibre to the diet, are the treatment of choice for simple constipation.

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17
Q

The bulk laxatives include

A 
hydrophilic colloids
methylcellulose
psyllium seeds
bran
Psyllium
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18
Q

hydrophilic colloids origin

A

From indigestible parts of fruits and vegetables

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19
Q

hydrophilic colloids mechanism

A

They form gels in the large intestine, causing water retention and intestinal distension, thereby increasing peristaltic activity.

20
Q

bulk laxatives Caution in

A

in immobile patients (because it may cause intestinal obstruction)
They should be taken with liberal quantities of fluid (at least 2 litres daily).

21
Q

Psyllium interaction

A

reduce the absorption of other oral drugs,

22
Q

OSMOTIC LAXATIVES include (3)

A

Some inorganic salts
Lactulose
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

23
Q

Some inorganic salts (Saline cathartics) mechanism

A

are nonabsorbable salts (anions and cations) that retain water in the intestinal lumen by osmosis.

24
Q

Lactulose is

A

is a semisynthetic disaccharide sugar.

25
Q

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) used for

A

Solutions that contain electrolytes are used for colonic lavage to prepare gut for radiologic or endoscopic procedures.

26
Q

PEG powder for solution without electrolytes is used as a laxative and it causes less cramping and gas than other laxatives.

A

No answer here

27
Q

Stool softeners (emollient laxatives or surfactants) mechanism

A

Surface-active agents that become emulsified with the stool produce softer feces and ease stool passage.
—They may take days to become effective

28
Q

Stool softeners include

A

docusate sodium, docusate calcium, and docusate potassium.

29
Q

Stool softeners are used for

A

used for prophylaxis rather than acute treatment.

30
Q

Stool softeners contraindicated with

A

Stool softeners should not be taken concomitantly with mineral oil because of the potential for absorption of the mineral oil.

31
Q

—Liquid paraffin is a chemically inert mineral oil and is not digested. —Paraffin taken orally over long periods, especially at night, may be aspirated and cause chronic lipoid pneumonia. —Because of these disadvantages its use is declining and it should never be used long term as a laxative.

A

No answer here

32
Q

Chloride channel activators include

A

Lubiprostone

33
Q

Lubiprostone mechanism

A

works by activating chloride channels to increase fluid secretion in the intestinal lumen.

34
Q

Lubiprostone used for

A

is used in the treatment of chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C),because no tolerance or dependency have been shown with this drug.

34
Q

Lubiprostone used for

A

is used in the treatment of chronic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C),because no tolerance or dependency have been shown with this drug.

35
Q

common side effect with lubiprostone.

A

Nausea

36
Q

Diarrhea mechanism (2)

A

Increased motility of the gastrointestinal tract and decreased absorption of fluid are major factors in diarrhea.

37
Q

ANTIDIARRHEALS include (3)

A

antimotility agents
adsorbents
modify fluid and electrolyte transport

38
Q

Antimotility agents include

A

Diphenoxylate and loperamide.

39
Q

Antimotility agents mechanism

A

They activate presynaptic opioid receptors in the enteric nervous system to inhibit acetylcholine release and decrease peristalsis.

40
Q

Antimotility agents contraindicated in

A

young children or in patients with severe colitis (can cause toxic megacolon)

41
Q

Agents that modify fluid and electrolyte transport include

A

Bismuth subsalicylate

42
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate used for

A

traveler’s diarrhea, decreases fluid secretion in the bowel.

43
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate side effects

A

They may cause black tongue and black stools.

44
Q

Adsorbents include

A

aluminum hydroxide and methylcellulose

45
Q

Adsorbents mechanism

A

by adsorbing intestinal toxins or microorganisms and/or by coating or protecting the intestinal mucosa.

Pharmacology Of Lower GI AAU (2 decks)

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