Laws etc. Flashcards
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1948
First declaration that all people have fundamental human rights.
Milestone in human rights history.
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
2006
Article 9 addresses accessibility.
Marrakesh Treaty
2013
W3C Web Accessibility Initiative steps
Initiate
Plan
Implement
Sustain
Americans with Disabilities Act Title II
applies to state and local government entities.
Americans with Disabilities Act Title III
applies to private places of public accommodation.
Section 508 Standards for ICT
Is both a law and technical standard.
Applies to government entities.
Uses WCAG 2.0 standard.
EU Web Accessibility Directive 2016 / 2102
Applies to public sector ICT.
European Accessibility Act
products and services identified as most important
Provides common rules and minimum requirements for all private businesses. Similar to ADA
Audiovisual Media Services Directive (AVMSD)
EU. 2010
Broadcasts and emergency services
eIDAS Regulation of 2014
EU. Trust services such as digital identity and authentication must be accessible.
European Electronic Communications Code
- Telecommunications must be accessible.
The Charter of Fundamental Rights
EU. 2000/2009
full range of civil, political, economic, and social rights of everyone living in the EU
The Charter of Fundamental Rights Article 21
EU. 2000/2009
Non-discrimination
The Charter of Fundamental Rights Article 26
EU. 2000/2009
Integration
Employment Equality Directive
EU. 2000
prohibits disability discrimination in employment and occupation
Anti-Discrimination Directive
EU. 2008/not adopted
would implement the principle of equal treatment outside the labour market
Goal of universal design
Create products, services, and environments that meet the needs of everyone who uses them, minimizing or eliminating the need for adaptations or accommodations.
Principles of universal design
Equitable use.
Flexibility in use.
Simple and intuitive use.
Perceptible information.
Tolerance for error.
Low physical effort.
Size and space for approach and use.
Web accessibility definition
Ability of a website to be easily navigated, used, and understood by people with disabilities.
WCAG
a set of standards for making web content accessible.
WCAG overview
Current version is WCAG 2.2.
WCAG 2.0 is also ISO standard ISO/IEC 40500.
Principles, guidelines, success criteria.
WCAG principles
Perceivable.
Operable.
Understandable.
Robust.
Perceivable
Alt text.
Captions and transcripts.
Content available in different ways.
Easy to see and hear content.
Operable
Keyboard operable.
Enough time.
No flashing.
Good navigation, focus order, and links that describe purpose or action.
Easy to use inputs other than a keyboard.
Understandable
Text readable and understandable.
Content should appear and operate in predictable ways.
Help users avoid and correct mistakes.
Robust
Maximize compatibility with current and future user technologies.
% of the world population with some form of disability
16%
total of the world population with some form of disability
1.3 billion
% of people with disabilities living in developing countries
80%
% of children with disabilities in developing countries who do not attend school
90%
The global literacy rate for adults with disabilities is as low as…
3%, and 1% for women with disabilities
Unemployment among persons with disabilities is as high as…
80% in some countries
The World Bank estimates that what percent of the world’s poorest people have some kind of disability?
20%
Medical model
Considers disability as a health problem that affects individual people.
Provides cure or management.
Does not focus on society’s responsibility for creating barriers.
Social model
Concerned with equal access.
Considers disability society’s - not an individual person’s - problem.
Society is responsible for creating disability since it creates barriers.
Society must remove barriers.
Human rights model
People with disabilities have fundamental human rights, should be free from discrimination and included in all matters that affect them.
Places responsibility on governments to promote and protect their rights.
Biopsychosocial model
Considers the physical, psychological, and social contexts in which people with disabilities live.
Functional solutions model
Focuses on practical solutions for individual people.
Goal is to overcome functional limitations using assistive technology or adaptive strategies.
Most accessibility professionals work within this model.
Social identity or cultural affiliation model
Recognizes that disability may be fundamental to a person’s identity.
Economic model
Defines disability by a person’s ability or inability to work, and how much their impairment affects their productivity.
Considers financial consequences for them, an employer, and the state.
Charity model
Regards people with disabilities as unfortunate and in need of help.
Views people who provide charity as benevolent contributors to a needy population.
EU procurement law
EN 301 549
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
UN. 1975
Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA)
1986
The European Social Charter (ESC)
- It guarantees fundamental social and economic rights, as well as independence, social integration, and participation in community life to people with disabilities.
African Disability Rights Protocol (ADRP)
- Based on UNCRPD
Article 8(1) of the CRPD: (Awareness-raiding)
Article 11(1) of the ADRP: State Parties shall take all appropriate measures and offer appropriate support and assistance to victims of harmful practices
Equality Act 2010
UK. Its purpose was to unify and strengthen anti-discrimination laws in the workplace and society. Disability is named in section 4.
The Act on the Elimination of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
Japan. 2013
Law 2005-102
France. 2005
Similar to the ADA; RGAA is equal to WCAG AA
