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Law Flashcards

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Chinese (Mandarin) flashcards
1
Q

Intellectualize

V

A

1 to deal with or explain things by thinking about them in a logical way
2 To make intellectual; to seek or consider the rational content or form of; to analyze

ɪntɪlektʃuəlaɪz

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2
Q

Within

A

1 inside it or surrounded
2 happens or exists inside i society, organization, or system
3 within a particular limit or set of rules, it does not go beyond it or is not more than what is allowed.
4 within sight, within earshot, or within reach, you can see it, hear it, or reach it.
5 before a particular period of time has passed; during a particular period of time
6 not further than a particular distance from sth

wɪðɪn

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3
Q

Framework

N

A

1set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc.
2 parts of a building or an object that support its weight and give it shape
3 structure of a particular system (for, of)

freɪmwɜːʳk

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4
Q

Core

N

A

1 The most important or central part of something
2 The core of an object, building, or city is the central part of it
3 A core team or a core group is a group of people who do the main part of a job
4 The hard central part of a fruit such as an apple, that contains the seeds
5 The core of something such as a problem or an issue is the part of it that has to be understood or accepted before the whole thing can be understood or dealt with
6 In a school or college, core subjects are a group of subjects that have to be studied.
7 The core businesses or the core activities of a company or organization are their most important ones.

kɔːʳ

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5
Q

Core

V

A

If you core a fruit, you remove its core

kɔːʳ

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6
Q

Referable

Adj

A

Относящийся, на который ссылаются

rɪˈfɜːrəbl

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7
Q

Primary

Adj

A

1 Developing or happening first; earliest.
2 You use primary to describe something that is very important.
3 Connected with the education of children between the ages of about five and eleven.

praɪməri

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8
Q

Judge-made

Adj

A

Based on a judge’s interpretation or decision

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9
Q

Decisional

Adj

A

Ответственный за принятие решений

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10
Q

Decisional law

A

Право принятия решений

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11
Q

Precedential

A
  1. of, involving, or serving as a precedent (an official action or decision that has happened in the past and that is seen as an example or a rule to be followed in a similar situation later)
  2. having precedence - (over somebody/something) the condition of being more important than somebody else and therefore coming or being dealt with first

ˌprɛsɪˈdɛnʃəl

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12
Q

Prior

Adj

A

1 Happening or existing before something else or before a particular time.
2 Already existing and therefore more important. A prior claim or duty is more important than other claims or duties and needs to be dealt with first.

praɪəʳ

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13
Q

prior to

A

before something

praɪəʳ

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14
Q

Regarding

A

relating to somebody/something; about sb/sth

rɪgɑːʳdɪŋ

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15
Q

Conduct

V

A

1 conduct something (formal) - to organize and/or do a particular activity
2 If you conduct someone to a place, you go there with them.
3 conduct yourself + adv./prep. (formal) - to behave in a particular way

kəndʌkt

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16
Q

Conduct

N

A

1 The conduct of a task or activity is the way in which it is organized and carried out.
2 Someone’s conduct is the way they behave in particular situations.

kɒndʌkt

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17
Q

Affair

N

A

1 Events that are of public interest or political importance
2 An event that people are talking about or describing in a particular way
3 A sexual relationship between two people, usually when one or both of them are already in a relationship with somebody else.
4 Matters connected with a person’s private business and financial situation
5 A thing that somebody is responsible for (and that other people should not be interested in)
6. An object that is unusual or difficult to describe

əfeəʳ

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18
Q

Negligence

N

A

Failure to exercise the care toward others which a reasonable or prudent person would do in the circumstances, or taking action which such a reasonable person would not. Negligence can result in all types of accidents causing physical and/or property damage, but can also include business errors and miscalculations.

ˈneɡlɪdʒəns

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19
Q

Prudent

N

A

Sensible and careful when you make judgements and decisions; avoiding unnecessary risks.

ˈpruːdnt

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20
Q

Miscalculation

N

A

A wrong judgement about a situation or in making a calculation.

ˌmɪskælkjuˈleɪʃn

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21
Q

Defamation

N

A

The act of making untrue statements about another which damages his/her reputation.

ˌdefəˈmeɪʃn

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22
Q

Nuisance

N

A

The unreasonable, unwarranted and/or unlawful use of property, which causes inconvenience or damage to others, either to individuals and/or to the general public.

ˈnjuːsns

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23
Q

Breach of contract

A

Failing to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excuse.

briːtʃ əv ˈkɒnˌtrækt

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24
Q

Real property

A
  1. All land, structures, firmly attached and integrated equipment (such as light fixtures or a well pump), anything growing on the land, and all “interests” in the property, which may include the right to future ownership (remainder), right to occupy for a period of time (tenancy or life estate), the right to drill for oil, the right to get the property back (a reversion) if it is no longer used for its current purpose (such as use for a hospital, school or city hall), use of airspace (condominium) or an easement across another’s property. Real property should be thought of as a group of rights.
  2. One of the principal areas of law like contracts, negligence, probate, family law and criminal law.
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25
Q

Firmly

Adv

A

In a strong or definite way

ˈfɜːmli

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26
Q

Fixture

N

A

1 A thing such as a bath or toilet that is fixed in a house and that you do not take with you when you move house.
2 If you describe someone or something as afixture in a particular place or occasion, you mean that they always seem to be there.

ˈfɪkstʃə(r)

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27
Q

Pump

N

A
  1. насос
  2. machine with a tube that you use to fill a car with petrol.
  3. Pumps are canvas shoes with flat rubber soles which people wear for sports and leisure. (красовки) - GB
  4. Pumps are women’s shoes that do not cover the top part of the foot and are usually made of plain leather. (балетки)- US

pʌmp

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28
Q

Pump

V

A

1 To pump a liquid or gas in a particular direction means to force it to flow in that direction using a pump.
2 If you pump money or other resources into something such as a project or an industry, you invest a lot of money or resources in it.
3 If you pump someone about something, you keep asking them questions in order to get information.
4 To pump bullets into someone means to fire a lot of bullets into them very quickly.

pʌmp

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29
Q

Easement

N

A

The right to use the real property of another for a specific purpose. The easement is itself a real property interest, but legal title to the underlying land is retained by the original owner for all other purposes. Typical easements are for access to another property.

ˈiːzmənt

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30
Q

Probate

N

A
  1. The process of proving a will is valid and thereafter administering the estate of a dead person according to the terms of the will.
  2. A general term for the entire process of administration of estates of dead persons, including those without wills, with court supervision.

proʊbeɪt

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31
Q

Probate

V

A

To prove a will in court and proceed with administration of a deceased’s estate under court supervision

proʊbeɪt

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32
Q

Probate

Adj

A

Reference to the appropriate court for handling estate matters, as in “probate court.”

proʊbeɪt

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33
Q

Disposition

Law

A

The court’s final determination of a lawsuit or criminal charge. The disposition of money or property is the act of giving or distributing it to a number of people.

ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn

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34
Q

Disposition

N

A

1 meone’s disposition is the way that they tend to behave or feel.
2 If you refer to the disposition of a number of objects, you mean the pattern in which they are arranged or their positions in relation to each other.

ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃn

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35
Q

Disposition to/towards something | disposition to do something

A

a quality of tending to behave in a particular way. A disposition to do something is a willingness to do it.

formal

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36
Q

Upon

A

1 If one thing is upon another, it is on it.
2 You use upon between two occurrences of the same noun in order to say that there are large numbers of the thing mentioned.
3 If an event is upon you, it is just about to happen.

əˈpɒn

37
Q

Estate

law

A

Someone’s estate is all the money and property that they leave behind them when they die.

ɪˈsteɪt

38
Q

Estate

N

A

1 An estate is a large area of land in the country which is owned by a person, family, or organization.
2 An area of land with a lot of houses or factories of the same type on it
3 A car with a lot of space behind the back seats and a door at the back for loading large items. - GB

ɪˈsteɪt

39
Q

Deceased

Adj

A

A deceased person is one who has recently died

dɪˈsiːst

40
Q

Deceased

N

A

The person who has died, as used in the handling of his/her estate, probate of will and other proceedings after death, or in reference to the victim of a homicide (as: “The deceased had been shot three times.”) In probate law the more genteel word is the “decedent.”

dɪˈsiːst

41
Q

Ultimately

Adv

A

1 Ultimately means finally, after a long and often complicated series of events.
2 At the most basic and important level. You use ultimately to indicate that what you are saying is the most important point in a discussion.

ʌltɪmətli

42
Q

Derive

V

A

1 If you derive something such as pleasure or benefit from a person or from something, you get it from them.
2 If you say that something such as a word or feeling derives or is derived from something else, you mean that it comes from that thing

dɪraɪv

43
Q

Overlay

N

A

There can be an emotional overlay to the frustration of solving real problems.

ˌəʊvəˈleɪ
ˌəʊvərˈleɪ

44
Q

Overlay

V

A

1 Overlay something (with something) (specialist) to put something on top of a surface so as to cover it completely; to lie on top of a surface.
2 To add something, especially a feeling or quality, to something else so that it seems to cover it. If something is overlaid with a feeling or quality, that feeling or quality is the most noticeable one, but there may be deeper and more important ones involved.

ˌəʊvəˈleɪ
ˌəʊvərˈleɪ

45
Q

Strain

V

A
  1. To strain something means to make it do more than it is able to do.
  2. If you strain a muscle, you injure it by using it too much or twisting it.
  3. If you strain to do something, you make a great effort to do it when it is difficult to do.
  4. When you strain food, you separate the liquid part of it from the solid parts.

streɪn

46
Q

Strain

N

A
  1. (UNCOUNTABLE) Strain is a state of worry and tension caused by a difficult situation.
  2. (SINGULAR) If you say that a situation is a strain, you mean that it makes you worried and tense.
  3. (UNCOUNTABLE) Strain is a force that pushes, pulls, or stretches something in a way that may damage it.
  4. Strain is an injury to a muscle in your body, caused by using the muscle too much or twisting it.
  5. You can use strain to refer to a particular quality in someone’s character, remarks, or work. [SINGULAR]
  6. A particular type of plant or animal, or of a disease caused by bacteria, etc. [countable]
  7. The sound of music being played or sung. [countable, usually plural]
    1. If strain is put on an organization or system, it has to do more than it is able to do.

streɪn

47
Q

Lawsuit

N

A

A common term for a legal action by one person or entity against another person or entity, to be decided in a court of law, sometimes just called a “suit.” The legal claims within a lawsuit are called “causes of action.”

ˈlɔːsuːt

48
Q

Determination

N

A

1 Determination is the quality that you show when you have decided to do something and you will not let anything stop you.
2 The process of deciding something officially
3 The act of finding out or calculating something

dɪˌtɜːmɪˈneɪʃn
dɪˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃn

49
Q

Formerly

Adv

A

If something happened or was true formerly, it happened or was true in the past. “in the past”

ˈfɔːməli
ˈfɔːrmərli

50
Q

Possess

V

A

1 If someone or something possesses a particular quality, ability, or feature, they have it. (formal)
2 If a feeling or belief possesses you, it strongly influences your thinking or behavior.

pəˈzes

51
Q

possess something

(formal)

A

to have or own something

pəˈzes

52
Q

possess sb to do sth

A

(used in negative sentences and questions) to make sb do sth that seems strange or unreasonable

pəˈzes

53
Q

Distinctive

Adj

A

Something that is distinctive has a special quality or feature which makes it easily recognizable and different from other things of the same type.

dɪˈstɪŋktɪv

54
Q

Distinguish

V

A

1 If you can distinguish one thing from another or distinguish between two things, you can see or understand how they are different.
2 A feature or quality that distinguishes one thing from another causes the two things to be regarded as different, because only the first thing has the feature or quality.
3 If you can distinguish something, you can see, hear, or taste it although it is very difficult to detect.
4 If you distinguish yourself, you do something that makes you famous or important.

dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ

55
Q

Substantive

Adj

A

Dealing with real, important or serious matters. Substantive negotiations or issues deal with the most important and central aspects of a subject.

səbˈstæntɪv
ˈsʌbstəntɪv

56
Q

Procedural

Adj

A

Involving or following a formal procedure.

prəˈsiːdʒərəl

57
Q

Subordinate

Adj

A
  1. Someone who is subordinate to you has a less important position than you and has to obey you.
  2. Something that is subordinate to something else is less important than the other thing.

səˈbɔːdɪnət
səˈbɔːrdɪnət

58
Q

Subordinate

V

A

If you subordinate something to another thing, you regard it or treat it as less important than the other thing.

səˈbɔːdɪnət
səˈbɔːrdɪnət

59
Q

Subordinate

N

A

If someone is your subordinate, they have a less important position than you in the organization that you both work for.

səˈbɔːdɪnət
səˈbɔːrdɪnət

60
Q

Statutory

Adj

A

Statutory means relating to rules or laws which have been formally written down. Fixed by law; that must be done by law.

ˈstætʃətri
ˈstætʃətɔːri

61
Q

Statutory law

A

Written law passed by a body of legislature

ˈstætʃətri
ˈstætʃətɔːri

62
Q

Case law

A

Reported decisions of appeals courts and other courts which make new interpretations of the law and, therefore, can be cited as precedents. These interpretations are distinguished from “statutory law,” which is the statutes and codes (laws) enacted by legislative bodies; “regulatory law,” which is regulations required by agencies based on statutes; and in some states, the common law, which is the generally accepted law carried down from England.

63
Q

Statute

N

A

1 A federal or state written law enacted by the Congress or state legislature, respectively.
2 A law that is passed by a parliament, council, etc. and formally written down.
3 A formal rule of an organization or institution

ˈstætʃuːt

64
Q

Factually

A

Something that is factual is concerned with facts or contains facts, rather than giving theories or personal interpretations.

ˈfæktʃuəli

65
Q

Thus

A

You use thus to show that what you are about to mention is the result or consequence of something else that you have just mentioned.
If you say that something is thus or happens thus you mean that it is, or happens, as you have just described or as you are just about to describe.

ðʌs

66
Q

Odds

N

A

1 The degree to which something is likely to happen. You refer to how likely something is to happen as the odds that it will happen.
2 In betting, odds are expressions with numbers such as ‘10 to 1’ and ‘7 to 2’ that show how likely something is thought to be, for example how likely a particular horse is to lose or win a race.
3 Sth that makes it seem impossible to do or achieve something.

ɒdz
ɑːdz

67
Q

Scheme

N

A
  1. A scheme is a plan or arrangement involving many people which is made by a government or other organization.
  2. A scheme is someone’s plan for achieving something. (especially one that involves cheating other people)

skiːm

68
Q

Scheme

V

A

If you say that people are scheming, you mean that they are making secret plans in order to gain something for themselves.

skiːm

69
Q

Generality

N

A

1 A generality is a general statement that covers a range of things, rather than being concerned with specific instances.
2 The generality of a statement or description is the fact that it is a general one, rather than a specific, detailed one.
3 If someone refers to the generality of a group of people or things, they mean the majority of that group.

ˌdʒenəˈræləti

70
Q

Protectorate

N

A

A country that is controlled and protected by a more powerful country.

prəˈtektərə

71
Q

Comprehensive

Adj

A
  1. Something that is comprehensive includes everything that is needed or relevant. Including all, or almost all, the items, details, facts, information, etc., that may be involved.
  2. (of a victory or defeat) gained or lost by a large amount.
    Adj/N - In Britain, a comprehensive is a state secondary school in which children of all abilities are taught together. (of education) designed for students of all abilities in the same school.

ˌkɒmprɪˈhensɪv
ˌkɑːmprɪˈhensɪv

72
Q

Matter

N

A
  1. (countable) A matter is a task, situation, or event which you have to deal with or think about, especially one that involves problems.
  2. (plural) You use matters to refer to the situation you are talking about, especially when something is affecting the situation in some way. The present situation, or the situation that you are talking about.
  3. (singular) a situation that involves something or depends on something. If you say that a situation is a matter of a particular thing, you mean that that is the most important thing to be done or considered when you are involved in the situation or explaining it.
  4. (uncountable) Printed matter consists of books, newspapers, and other texts that are printed. Reading matter consists of things that are suitable for reading, such as books and newspapers.
  5. (uncountable) Physical substance that everything in the world is made of; not mind or spirit.
  6. (uncountable) You use matter to refer to a substance or things of a particular sort.
    - Add plenty of organic matter to improve the soil.
    - elimination of waste matter from the body
    - There were small lumps of matter floating on the surface.
  7. (singular) You use matter in expressions such as ‘What’s the matter?’ or ‘Is anything the matter?’ when you think that someone has a problem and you want to know what it is.
  8. (singular) You use matter in expressions such as ‘a matter of weeks’ when you are emphasizing how small an amount is or how short a period of time is.

ˈmætə(r)
ˈmætər

73
Q

Matter

V

A

To be important or have an important effect on sb/sth.

ˈmætə(r)
ˈmætər

74
Q

a state of affairs

A

a situation

75
Q

as a matter of fact

A

1 used to add a comment on something that you have just said, usually adding something that you think the other person will be interested in
2 used to disagree with something that somebody has just said - actually

76
Q

be another/a different matter

A

to be very different

77
Q

be no laughing matter

A

​to be something serious that you should not joke about

78
Q

the fact (of the matter) is (that)…

A

used to emphasize a statement, especially one that is the opposite of what has just been mentioned

79
Q

for that matter

A

used to add a comment on something that you have just said

80
Q

it’s just/only a matter of time (before…)

A

used to say that something will definitely happen, although you are not sure when

81
Q

(as) a matter of course

A

(as) the usual and correct thing to do

82
Q

a matter of hours, minutes, etc. | a matter of inches, metres, etc.

A

only a few hours, minutes, etc.

83
Q

a matter of life and/or death

A

used to describe a situation that is very important or serious

84
Q

a matter of record

A

something that has been recorded as being true

(formal)

85
Q

no matter

A

used to say that something is not important

86
Q

no matter who, what, where, etc.

A

used to say that something is always true, whatever the situation is, or that somebody should certainly do something

87
Q

Applicable

Adj

A

That can be said to be true in the case of sb/sth. Something that is applicable to a particular situation is relevant to it or can be applied to it.
applicable to sb/sth

əˈplɪkəbl
ˈæplɪkəbl

88
Q
A

Chinese characters (4 decks)

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