Lauren's Cards Flashcards
AP Bio Review Session Cards
Conjugation in Bacteria
One-way DNA transfer between two bacteria (one donor, one recipient) that are temporarily joined by a sex pilus. F (fertility) factor determines ability to form pili and donate DNA
Transduction
Phages (viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another. A recombinant cell is formed when some of the host cell’s DNA is incorporated in its chromosome.
Operon (inducible & repressible)
Operon = segment of bacterial DNA containing operator (on-off switch), promoter, and genes they control Inducible operon (ex. lac operon): transcription stimulated by presence of specific small molecule Repressible operon (ex. trp operon): transcription inhibited by presence of specific small molecule *inducible AND repressible= negative gene regulation
Transformation
Genotype and potentially phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings. Example: Griffith’s experiment, uptake of DNA from Streptococcus pneumoniae from heat-killed virulent strain into non-virulent strain
Epistasis
phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters phenotypic expression of different gene at different locus (“masking”)
Pleiotropy
when one gene has multiple phenotypic effects
ex: gene that determines flower color of pea plant also affects color of coating on outer surface of seed
human ex: allele associated with hereditary disease controls multiple symptoms
Laws of Thermodynamics
1st Law: Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy can be transferred or transformed, not created or destroyed.
2nd Law: Energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases.
Fermentation
Used to produce ATP y substrate-level phosphorylation, without oxygen or electron transport chain (alternative to cellular respiration). Glycolysis produces NADH, pyruvate acts as electron acceptor to exidize NADH to NAD+, which can be used in glycolysis.
Calvin Cycle
Part of photosynthesis. Light-independent (dark) reactions in stroma of chloroplast. Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions.
1) Carbon fixation: rubisco catalyzes attachment of CO2 to 5 carbon molecule. Splits into 2 3-carbon molecules.
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of RuBP
2) For every 3 carbons in, 1 PGAL (G3P) out. 2 PGALs for 1 glucose.
Krebs Cycle
Part of cellular respiration after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation (transition reaction). Acetyl CoA (from oxidation of pyruvate) adds two carbons, CO2 lost, NAD+ oxidized to NADH, FAD oxidized to FADH2. NADH and FADH2 shuttle electrons to electron transport chain.
multiple alleles
When there are three or more forms of a trait (but individual still has only two alleles). Ex: eye color.
Photorespiration
Occurs in the light (esp. hot, dry days)- plants consume O2, produce CO2. Consumes ATP instead of producing it. Decreases photosynthetic output. C4 plants try to minimize photorespiration.
Chiasmata
X-shaped region on chromosomes where two non-homologous sister chromatids cross over during meiosis (the intersection during prophase I).
Law of Independent Assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. In other words, normal genes are inherited independently of each other (not linked).
Law of Segregation
The two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. Distribution of two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes to different gametes in meiosis. Thus, an egg or a sperm gets only one of the two alleles present in somatic cell of orgamism making the gamete.
