latino studies midterm Flashcards
Chicanx
A gender-inclusive term for people of Mexican descent in the U.S., emphasizing cultural identity and social justice.
Latinx
A gender-neutral term used to refer to people of Latin American descent.
Encomienda system
spanish conquistadors granted legal rights to extract forced labor from indigenous people in exchange for protection and civilizing via :christianity.
Empire
A large political structure that extends control over diverse territories and peoples, often through conquest or colonization
Treaty of Tordesillas
A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two nations.
Spanish caste system:
A hierarchical social structure established in colonial Spain: Peninulares,
Creoles
mestizos, mulatos
natives, African descent
La Malinche
An indigenous woman who served as an interpreter and advisor to Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Manifest Destiny
Us westward expansion to the pacific and beyond
Imbued with us exceptionalism and anglo-racial supremacy
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
US purchased florida from spain.
Wanted to expanded plantations and
became a place of refuges for indigenous people and run away slaves
Texas War of Independence(1836)
After Mexican independence Texas wanted anglo settlers to move in.
Anglos settlers sought to use slave labor in Texas
Anglos settlers sought to use slave labor in Texas, slavery becomes main causes of successions
Mexican American War (1846 - 1848)
During the Mexican American War, Mexico lost half its territory, leading to displacement, discrimination against Mexicans in the new U.S. territories, and significant cultural and political upheaval
Monroe Doctrine:
Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Latin America, often supporting authoritarian leaders.
It led to American companies exploiting resources and creating dependency.
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This prompted nationalist movements that sought to assert independence and resist foreign control
Roosevelt Corollary:
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine
asserting the right of the U.S. to intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.
Us racial hierarchy
a system in which socially constructed racial categories are used as a basis
for allocating resources.
Centered on white supremacy. Approaches to included diplomacy at first, military campaigns, incentives for assimilation, taking of land, genocide.
Approach to African slaves- seen as property. One-drop rule.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The 1848 treaty that ended the Mexican American War,
resulting in Mexico ceding significant territory to the U.S. (California and New Mexico)
Spanish American War:
An 1898 conflict between the U.S. and Spain, leading to U.S. control over territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Treaty of Paris:
The 1898 agreement that ended the Spanish American War and formalized the U.S. acquisition of territories from Spain.
Downes v. Bidwell (1901
A Supreme Court case that addressed whether the U.S. Constitution applied to territories acquired in the Spanish American War, establishing the concept of “insular cases.”
Panama Canal
Hay- Bunau Varilla treaty following Panamanian independence grating us 99-year lease over panama canal zone
Us allowed to govern zone
Us military base open in the canal zone
In return, us offered military protection in guarantee of
independence.
financial payment for land
Corporate colonialism
The practice where businesses exploit resources and labor in foreign countries, often with the backing of their home government.
United Fruit Company
The United Fruit (banana industry) Company exploited land and workers in Central America
It influenced politics by supporting coups that favored its interests, undermining local democracy.
This created economic dependency and shaped negative stereotypes about Latin America in the U.S
Mestizaje
The blending of indigenous and European
The Cosmic Race:
Proposed that mixing of race would lead to a new superior race.
Seen as positive force to unit nation.
Blanqueamiento
whiting companies- rooted in spanish caste system
alters latino peoples appearances by whiting skin and and adopting European personas
pro race mixing to create lighter skinned children
Assimilation
The process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another group, often leading to a loss of original cultural identity.
Differential inclusion
A concept describing how certain groups are included in society but still marginalized or discriminated against.
Hernandez v. Texas:
A landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled Mexican Americans had the right to a jury trial, challenging discrimination in the legal system.
Mendez v. Westminster
Mexican students faced segregation in California schools, often being placed in separate, inferior schools designated for “Mexican” children
Mexican students did not have equal educational opportunities and reinforced racial stereotypes, leading to broader social and economic inequalities.
A 1946 court case successfully challenged the segregation of Mexican American students in California schools
14th Amendment:
An amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, that grants citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S
Triple Consciousness:
Triple Consciousness is a concept by W.E.B. Du Bois that describes the internal struggle faced by marginalized groups, especially African Americans.
It refers to the idea of seeing oneself through three perspectives: how you see yourself, how others see you, and how society stereotypes you.
lead to confusion and conflict
Afro-Latinidad
he cultural identity of people of African descent in Latin America
Anti-blackness
EX: Dominican elites sought to distinguish themselves from hatians
