Latin History? idek Flashcards
What is a populares?
popular reformers who fathered political reformers, wanted to change the status quo
What is an optimates?
established leaders who were feared + controlled senate, didn’t want change
What time period was this?
146-63 BC
Who was Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus?
tribune who disregarded customs of presents legislation to senate, populares, wanted reforms
What happened to Tiberius?
Senate organized a mov to kill him + 300 followers
Who were the two famous populares?
Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus (Gracchi brothers)
Who was elected tribune in 123 bC
Gaius Gracchus
What did Gaius Gracchus do?
expanded his brother’s program of land allotments + engineered change in court, eventually forced to commit suicide
Who was Gaius Marius?
rich equestrian from Arpinum, next populares consul
How did Gaius Marius gain political power?
Through the military and promising soldiers land and money
What did Gaius Marius do?
recruited legions from citizens, shared sports of war
Who was Lucius Cornelius Sulla?
optimates, officer in war against Jugurtha
What was Sulla?
Marius’ rival
What was Sulla granted?
power of dictator, drove Marius into exile
Who was Gnaeus Pompeius?
man who rose to fame + power after lending Sulla support from his army
What did Pompeius do?
ensured victory for Romans over Spartacus, claimed honor for the victory, suppressed Marian forces
In 67 BC, what was Pompeius allowed to do?
command fleet to suppress pirates who were disrupting trade, known for this
What did Pompey’s success do for Rome?
consolidated Roman domination of East
Main idea of par1? w/ 3 supporting details to back this up
Was consul, prevented overthrow of Republic – “saved” it.
Cicero reached the peak in his political career in 63 BC after years of struggle.
Catalina plotted his assassination, began as an equestrian, took office as consul in 63 BC.
In par2, why did Pompey ally with Caesar and Crassus?
triumvirate – 3 men, loose alliance, take over power.
they all had the same problem: ambitions blocked by senators
*novus homo - new man (first person in family to be elected consul)
What are 3 reasons the triumvirate fell apart?
Julia, Pompey’s wife + Caesar’s daughter died.
Crassus was killed in battle.
Senate pressed Pompey to turn against Caesar.
According to the selection, how was Caesar’s victory over Pompey a crucial political turning point in Rome’s history?
Caesar becomes master of Rome/dictator (2 fighting for power, Caesar only one left)
In first par of p81, describe important public reforms by Caesar
Granted citizenship to people in Gallia.
Expanded the forum + public works.
Rebuilt the curia.
Adopted the Solar calendar.
What factors led to Caesar’s murder?
Accepted role as dictator for life.
Made intentions to be “King” clear.
Jealous, didn’t want to go back to monarchy.
Were the senators who killed Caesar successful in their attempt to stop the downfall of the Roman Republic?
No, Rome had a 14 year power struggle after his death. Augustus took over the Roman Empire.
Do you think Caesar was a great leader or a vicious dictator? Use at least 3 details + info
Great leader because he won many battles, expanded Rome, reformed the city itself, built good foreign relations.
Punic Wars
Roman Republic vs. Ancient Carthage, 3 wars, 264-146 BC
Hannibal
Carthaginian general, commanded in second Punic war
Scipio
roman general and statesman, notable architects in rome’s victory against carthage in the second punic war, regarded as one of the greatest military commanders + strategists of all time, greatest military achievement = defeat of hannibal in battle of zama
Plebeian
roman commoner/general body of free roman citizens, in favor of political change, were most likely populares
Patrician
a member of one of the original citizen families of ancient RomeMost patricians were wealthy landowners from old families, but the class was open to a chosen few who had been deliberately promoted by the emperor.
Tribune
a person who upholds or defends the rights of the people. Roman History. any of various administrative officers
Praetor
Served under the consul and commanded military forces or acted as judges; an elected magistrate who held power and served directly under the authority of consul
Equites
Knights, in Early Rome they were horse-soldiers, lost their military prominence, ranked below senatorial class
Quaestor
oldest and lowest position on path of cursus honorum (path of honor), in charge of treasury and conducted audits
Consul
highest elected position of the Rome Republic, only two people with one year terms, elected by the people
Princep
unofficial title for Emperors from Augustus to Diocletian (27 BC - 305 AD), determined the leader at beginning of Roman Empire
Cursus Honorum
Path of honors: succession of offices of increasing importance. Succession of offices required for a Roman of senatorial rank seeking advancement. After military service, one became a quaestor, aedile, praetor and finally consul.
Battle of Zama
victory of Romans (led by Scipio) against Carthaginians (led by Hannibal), took place in modern day Tunisia, 202 BC
Battle of Actium
victory of Romans (led by Octavian) against Mark Antony and Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt
Battle of Pharsalus
Caesar vs Pompey, Caesar was greatly outnumbered but won — this victory was the deciding battle of the civil war. Pompey fled to Egypt and was killed there.
Pyrrhus
A king, one of the strongest opponents of early Rome, regarded as one of the greatest generals of antiquity. Took Sicily from Carthage but was soon driven out, and lost all his gains in Italy after the Battle of Beneventum in 275 BC.
Pyrrhic victory – won the battle but at such a great cost it’s not even worth it
Proscription
A process where Sulla routinely posted names of his enemies in the forum and promised case rewards for whoever killed them
