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Latin for Botany > Latin for Botany > Flashcards

Latin for Botany Flashcards

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Latin flashcards
1
Q

Lovely

A

amabilis

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2
Q

Notable, famous

A

nobilis

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3
Q

Fragile, brittle

A

fragilis

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4
Q

Able to bend

A

flexilis

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5
Q

Curly

A

crispus

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6
Q

Powdered

A

glaucous

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7
Q

Smooth, hairless

A

glabra

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8
Q

Creeping

A

repens, reptans

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9
Q

Heart shaped

A

cordata

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10
Q

Arrow shaped

A

hastata

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11
Q

Oval

A

ovata

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12
Q

White

A

alba, albus, album

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13
Q

Black (G)

A

melan-, melano-

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14
Q

Black (L)

A

nigra, nigrus, nigrum

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15
Q

Blue (G)

A

cyana, cyanus, cyanum

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16
Q

Green (L)

A

virens

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17
Q

Yellow (G)

A

xanth-, zantho-

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18
Q

Yellow (L)

A

lutea, luteus, luteum

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19
Q

Red (L)

A

rubra, rubrus, rubrum

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20
Q

Purple (L)

A

purpurea, purpureus, purpureum

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21
Q

Grey or Ash

A

cinerea

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22
Q

Marshy

A

palustris, palustre

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23
Q

Meadow

A

pratensis, pratense

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24
Q

Woods

A

Sylvestris, sylvestre

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25
Q

Mountain dwelling

A

monticola

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26
Q

Cultivated fields

A

arvensis, arvense

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27
Q

Cultivated

A

sativa, sativus, sativum

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28
Q

Vegetable garden

A

oleracea, oleraceus, oleraceum

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29
Q

Garden

A

hortensis, hortense

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30
Q

Annual

A

annua

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31
Q

Biennial

A

biennis

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32
Q

Perennial

A

perennis

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33
Q

One turn (G)

A

monotropa

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34
Q

One turn (L)

A

uniflora

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35
Q

Twice-twisted

A

bistorta

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36
Q

Twin or in a pair

A

didyma

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37
Q

Having two lobes

A

biloba

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38
Q

Three teeth

A

tridentata

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39
Q

Three leaves

A

triphyllum

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40
Q

Four petals

A

tetramera

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41
Q

With five leaves, leaflets or lobes

A

quinquefolius

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42
Q

Many seeds or knees

A

polygonum

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43
Q

Many joints

A

polygonatum

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44
Q

A thousand leaves

A

millefolium

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45
Q

Flower

A

anthus, flora

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46
Q

Fruit

A

carpus

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47
Q

Stem

A

caulis

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48
Q

Berry

A

coccus

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49
Q

Tree

A

dendron

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50
Q

Leaf

A

phyll

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51
Q

Root

A

rhiza, radix

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52
Q

Suffix: To bear or to carry

A

NAME?

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53
Q

Wine bearing

A

vinifera

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54
Q

Bearing sleep

A

somnifera

55
Q

Bearing a fragrant resin

A

balsamifera

56
Q

Wax-bearing

A

cerifera

57
Q

Carrying tulips

A

tulipifera

58
Q

Suffix: Full of

A

-osa, -osus,- osum

59
Q

Full of resin

A

resinosa

60
Q

Ful of racemes

A

racemosa

61
Q

Full of vessicles or bladders

A

vesiculosus

62
Q

Full of tubers

A

tuberosum

63
Q

Suffix: Little

A

ula

64
Q

Suffix: Resembling

A

-oid, -folia

65
Q

The leaf looks like a triangle of the Greek letter Delta

A

deltoides

66
Q

Resembles Thalictrum the meadow rue

A

Thalictroides

67
Q

Leaves like tansy

A

tanacetifolia

68
Q

Leaves like holly

A

aquifolia

69
Q

Leaves like Artemisia

A

artemesiifolia

70
Q

Like a star

A

stellaria

71
Q

Resembles tuberculosis or swollen glands

A

scrophularia

72
Q

Resembles a membrane

A

membranaceus

73
Q

Like ivy

A

hederacea

74
Q

Like birch

A

betulina

75
Q

Like a cat

A

cataria

76
Q

Aster or Sunflower family

A

Asteraceae (Compositae)

77
Q

Celery family

A

Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)

78
Q

Mint family

A

Lamiaceae (Labiatae)

79
Q

Myrtle family

A

Myrtaceae

80
Q

Knotweed family

A

Polygonaceae

81
Q

Rose family

A

Rosaceae

82
Q

Valerian family

A

Valerianaceae

83
Q

Ginger family

A

Zingiberaceae

84
Q

Spectacular

A

spectabilis

85
Q

nigra

A

black

86
Q

Binomial Name

A

Linnaeus - Scientific Name Genus and Specific epithet -two-word names. It’s like a last name or surname in that it
identifies as part of a group that shares characteristics

87
Q

Binomial Name

A

Often the specific epithet is called the “species name,” but taxonomists, whose job it is to make these names to classify organisms, reserve the use of the term “species name” for the genus name together with the epithet.
Example: Salmonberry
Rubus spectabilis
ROO-buss spek-TAB-ih-liss

88
Q

Word Endings: Gender and Vowels

A

In Latin, every letter is pronounced.
sounding the final “-e” in a word instead of dropping it as you would in English.

Example, the neuter form of the previous epithets is spectabile, amabile, nobile, fragile and flexile.

Latin assigns genders to words and in this pattern:

a final “-e” makes the term neuter.

An “-is” ending makes it masculine or feminine.

89
Q

specific epithet vulgaris or vulgare

Word Endings: Gender and Vowels

A

means “common” or “abundant.”

90
Q

the gender ending in “a” means

Gender endings

A

feminine

ex. Maria

91
Q

the gender ending in “us” means

Gender endings

A

masculine

92
Q

the gender ending in “um” means

Gender endings

A

neuter

93
Q

Officinalis

A

This epithet means the plant was listed in a pharmacopoeia

94
Q

A diphthong is

A

two vowels joined together

95
Q

to deal with diphthongs
is to voice the second vowel of the diphthong

A

Example: the e in the ae of Caesar, and algae, Spiraea, arborvitae and Crataegus (hawthorn)

96
Q

common diphthong is

A

eu, pronounced “yoo”

97
Q

second vowel in the diphthong “oe” is sometimes pronounced long

A

as in amoeba, Phoenix,
groenlandicum or Oenothera (evening primrose).
The oe can also be a short “e” as in foetid (FEH-tid) and Foeniculum (feh-NIK-kyoo-lum), the genus name for fennel.

98
Q

“ei” is pronounced

A

like the “i” in height, and Cheiranthus, the wallflower genus.

99
Q

“au” is pronounced

A

as in August

100
Q

The aster or sunflower family: Asteraceae

A

The flowers are ray flowers, like daisies; this large family
includes yarrow, milk thistle, dandelion, the artemisias and burdock.

101
Q

The celery family:

A

Apiaceae - The flowers and seed heads have an umbrella shape; this family
includes cumin, dill, fennel, angelica, parsley, gotu kola, anise and coriander.

102
Q

The mint family:

A

Lamiaceae - With square stems and lip-shaped flowers, this family includes
thyme, basil, oregano, sage, rosemary, skullcap, lavender and ground ivy.

103
Q

The laurel family:

A

Lauraceae - Includes cinnamon, sassafras, bay leaf and avocado.

104
Q

The lily family:

A

Liliaceae - Includes garlic, onion, asparagus, sarsaparilla and yucca.

105
Q

The myrtle family:

A

Myrtaceae - Includes allspice, clove, eucalyptus and tea tree.

106
Q

The knotweed family:

A

Polygonaceae - Includes curly dock, rhubarb and the sorrels.

107
Q

The rose family:

A

Rosaceae - This huge, aggregate family includes hawthorn, apples, agrimony, raspberry, meadowsweet, lady’s mantle, almonds, cherries and peaches.

108
Q

The valerian family:

A

Valerianaceae - Includes vervain, chaste tree and lemon verbena.

109
Q

The ginger family:

A

Zingiberaceae - includes turmeric, cardamom and galangal.

110
Q

Pronounce consonants as you would normally

A

but if you want a more authentic Latinate sound, make s soft, as in Baptissia rather than Bapteezha, which is more popular. One consonant to note is ch, which is pronounced like k in words derived from Greek - some examples from English are:
chorus, architect, character and Christmas.
In a sample of 600 scientific names that I reviewed, not one used the ch sound of chokecherry unless it was in a person’s last name or a place name. The one place name to know is chinensis, meaning “from China.”

111
Q

Occasionally the ae diphthong is

A

a schwa sound, as in Chamaelirium, where it’s an unstressed syllable.

112
Q

two-syllable words

A

The stress always goes on the first syllable.

113
Q

A genus is a group of species related by resemblance by things like structure or genes

A

Hydrastis - Genus names are always capitalized; that’s one way to distinguish them. H. canadensis is an abbreviated species name.

114
Q

In addition to inventing taxonomic names, Carl Linnaeus collected the common names of plants in his travels. Mostly, these were two-word names, consisting of an adjective and a noun, e.g.: woody angelica and Sitka willow. Which term would you use for these two-word names?

A

binomial names - binomial, literally “two names.” Formal Latin or scientific names are also binomial.

115
Q

Phoenix dactylifera is the species name for dates. “Dactyl” means “finger.” What does dactylifera mean?

A

bearing fingers - bearing fingers. Dates were thought to resemble fingers in the Egyptian counting system, which…counted some numbers on fingers!

116
Q

The scientific name for meadowsweet is Filipendula ulmaria. The epithet “ulmaria” means “resembles an elm.” Which epithet below also uses a suffix meaning “resembling?’”

A

deltoides - answer: deltoides, as in Populus deltoides (Cottonwood), “shaped like a triangle or the Greek letter Delta.” Other suffixes that indicate resemblances include – aria, as in Stellaria media (chickweed), “like a star” and -ina, as in Agathosma betulina (buchu), “like birch.”

117
Q

Which of the following contains a name WITHOUT a diphthong?
Rubus Idaeus (American red raspberry)
Eleutherococcus senticosis (formerly called Siberian ginseng, now called Eleuthero)
Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle)
Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen)

A

Urtica dioica (Stinging nettle) - Urtica dioica. Every vowel gets pronounced here, although in other cases, people read “oi” as a diphthong – for example, del-TOY-deez in answer #4.

118
Q

Which of the following names contain a word or syllable denoting the color yellow? (There may be more than one answer.)

Zanthoxylum americanum

Berberis vulgaris

Ephedra viridis

Gentiana luteus

A

Zanthoxylum americanum

Gentiana luteu

Zanthoxylum americanum and Gentiana luteus. Xanthos is a Greek word for yellow; luteus comes from lutum, a plant that yields a yellowish dye.

119
Q

The epithet in the species name for horsetail, Equisetum arvense, indicates a habitat in which it grows. What does “arvense” refer to?

A

in cultivated fields - in cultivated fields. Oleracea means “of the vegetable garden,” as in Portulaca oleracea (purslane); Pratense/Pratensis means “in meadows,” as in Ledum palustre (Labrador tea), and sylvestris means “of the woods,” as in Dipsacus sylvestris (Teasel)

120
Q

In which of the following does the pair of words NOT follow the identical stress pattern?

A

Chelone/Anemone - Chelone/Anemone. It’s a good practice to think of words that have the same ending and/or seem to rhyme in some way to figure out how to pronounce the word.

120
Q

What does the suffix “–ula” mean?

A

little. “Calendula” mean “little calendar,” a reference to the long-flowering time of pot marigold across the months.

121
Q

Some plant names incorporate the name of a botanist to honor them. Which of the following does NOT refer to a plant professional?

A

Achillea millefolium - Achillea millefolium. Achilles was the ancient Greek war hero described in The Iliad, an epic poem.

122
Q

Which of the following plants does NOT have a compound leaf composed of three leaves?

Larrea tridentata (chaparral)

Arisaema triphyllum (Jack in the Pulpit)

Trifolium pretense (Red Clover)

Menyanthies trifoliata (bogbean)

A

Larrea tridentata (chaparral) - Larrea tridentata. “Dentata” means “furnished with teeth,” referring to chaparral’s three-toothed leaves.

123
Q

The epithet “officinalis” means which of the following?

A

medicinal and pharmacopoeia - medicinal and of the pharmacopoeia; we will accept of the pharmacopoeia as well, since it’s the only definition offered in the Guide. Officinalis also means “sold in shops, especially apothecaries.”

124
Q

means “berry.”

A

coccus, as in Eleutherococcus senitcosis (Eleuthero). “Anthus” and “flora” refer to flowers, “carpus” means “fruited,” and “rhiza” signifies “rhizomes.”

125
Q

As in the genus name for Pasque flower, Pulsatilla, stress generally goes on a syllable ending with two consonants. T or F

A

true

126
Q

A “ch” in a name is commonly pronounced like the “ch” in “church.” T or F

A

false - it is most often a hard “C” as it is pronounced in Greek

127
Q

Stress is always placed on the second or third syllable from the end of a word 3 syllables or longer. T or F

A

true

128
Q

In taxonomy, a family is usually a group of species, and names for families always end in the suffix –aceae (ay-see-ee or ay-see-ay). T or F

A

true

129
Q

The specific epithet “vulgare” is pronounced “vul-GAIR.” T or F

A

F – the “e” is pronounced. There are no silent vowels in Botanical Latin.

130
Q

Latin, like English, uses neuter, masculine and feminine endings on adjectives. T or F

A

False

131
Q

If you’re going to divide a word into syllables, one rule to try is to use a consonant at the start of a syllable. T or F

A

true - example: Hu-mu-lus lu-pu-lus.

132
Q
A

Latin for Botany (3 decks)

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