Late Term Quiz Flashcards
Who was Juscelino Kubitscheck (JK)
- President of Brazil 1956-1961 (5yrs)
- First names is Portuguese
- But name is actually from Grandfather→ from Czech Republic capital is Prague
- Considered a “white” Brazilian ad many Afro Brazilian in it
populism → kind of politics appealing mainly to the lower classes - Nationalistic policy
- Ruled Brazil during democracy
(After WW2 Brazil became a democracy)
Kubitscheck
Definition of great diversity in Brazil
JK and Niemeyer (german descent)
→ goes to show Brazil is very diverse
→ helped design UNited Nations Building famous architect
Built a brand new capital called Brazilia
Loved white buildings
Palácio do Planalto
-Stands for “high planes palace” →where President of Brazil works designs by Niemeyer
→ democratic form of populism
Industrialization: Fifty Years in Five
Had goal for pushing Brazil 50 yrs ahead but only in 5 yrs modern nation (understand 4 branches of that)
Construction of Brasilia (1957) capital of Brazil - Construction of Plaza of Three Powers
Judicial
legislative
Supreme Court
Congresso Nacional under Construction
Senate reg. Dome
Cidade Livre (free Town)
where workers lived outskirts of town
Plano Piloto from the air
used as a guide for pilots
Capital of Brazil
- Middle class live here
- Satellite cities is where the janitors, and lower class live
Conclusions
-Economic instability after JK leaves office
-Subsequent leaders can’t handle political and economic difficulties
-Result: military coup of 1964
-Brazil had new, modern look, but old ways of thinking , old institutions and old powers continued to exist
Argentina located…
-in South America
-2nd largest country in SA
-Brazil is largest
The Paradox of Argentine development
From wealth to poverty
Wealth due to cattle industry
Who was Juan Domingo Peron?
-President of Argentina
-Wearing the blue and white presidential band
-Two colors of the flag
-Military officer
-Committed Populist
-Use less violence
Who was Peron?
-Twice president of Argentina
-Masterminded a military coup in 1943
coup → violent overthrow over government
-Populist, charismatic and extremely controversial
-Caused argentines to become deeply polarized politically
-Argentine was Divided between Peron and anti Peron
Personal background and rise to power…
-From a bourgeois background
bourgeois→ European word means came from middle class
-Born on a cattle ranch, his father had a child with indigenous women so he was mixed race
-Spent lots of time with workers (gauchos) = argentine cowboys
Intelligent, athletic and able to get along with the poor
-Parents were not married at time of birth = meant he was considered an illegitimate child by the catholic church. -He had to have a humble background
VERY good at boxing and fencing
1930 involved in plots to overthrow government
-Admired Mussolini and Hitler
-Accumulation of numerous governmental powers (working class)
-Attache → member of the embassy
-Spied on Chili and Italy
What happened October 17, 1945
-Jealous officers tried to strip Peron of his powers and place him under arrest
-Pink House
-A huge rally in the Plaza de Mayo rescued him and forced the military leadership to reverse itself
-Democratic Free elections were held in -February 1945: Peron won a victory with support of working class (ONLY men could vote)
Peron’s political base
-First argentine leader to recognize labors potential political power
-“Descamisados” the shirtless ones → humble very poor, sweaty jobs, manuel labor some couldn’t even buy a shirt
-CGT: General Labor Confederation
-Partido Justicalista
Eva Duarte de Peron → his wife
Actress and soap opera reader
Then went into radio
Evita (Peron’s wife) was also known for…
-Born humble, parents were not married
-Met Peron in 1944
-Two scandalized the officer corps by living together
-Married after the oct. 17 1945 crisis
VERY popular
-Becomes a political strategist
-Influential member of Peron’s government
-Founded the Eva Peron Foundation
-Peronista or peronismo → populist system under Evita and Peron
**very powerful **
Turns toward authoritarianism
-Manipulation of the government
-Repression of the opposition even towards the Catholic Church
-Cult over argentine
-Desire to create a corporatist state like Musslonis
Economic policies: self-sufficiency
-Redistribute wealth in labor’s favor
-Rapid deterioration of the economy after 1949
Peron’s fall and exile
-Growing discontent even among formers supporters
-Evita died of cancer at a young age
-Revolts
-Attacks against the Catholic Church
-Peron ousted by military coup in June 1955
-17 years in exile
Peron’s return
-1972: the military allowed Person to return
-Hector Campora, a Person stand in, elected president (depicted at the right)
-Peron elected in 1973
-But economy had become a shambles
-Terror and advent of military regime of 1976
-Peron married another lady named Isabel Peron and then ran only for one year
→ overthrown my military
-VERY dark period Military dictatorship from 1976-1983 over 15,000 killed by own government
1.Overview to date
→ Fidela Castro main leader
2.Beginning at the end: Che death (Oct. 1967)
-The 1959 Cuban Revolution started the same year Dr. Serbin born
lots of ties to America
-Changed Cuban into a communist country became allies of soviet union
-Part of Cold war was to spread communism
3.Che Family childhood and youth
-Guerrilla wareful = “small war”
-Family wasn’t too successful
-Went to Medical School, Che was a Dr. specializes in Asthma
-Loved to smoke cigars
-As a young man in the 1960s he took a motorcycle trip with a buddy and learned about the poverty in Latin -America
-Became a communist!
4.Becoming a revolutionary
-In Guatemala during the overthrow of the gov. Witnessed first hand how US interviewed in LA countries
-1957, Castro in Mexico took Grandma (yacht) into cuba in the jungle and started setting up bases and began to fight against
-1959 defeated
-Became anti capitalist
5.The Cuban Revolution
-Military phase
-Consolidation and building a “new man Created a “new man” selfless human being
-The US and Che → became enemies
6.Attempting to create world revolution
using these tactics
7.Bolivia
Where Che was executed by rangers shot
- Che’s historical legacy
Che was not successful in Africa and Bolivia (dismal failure)
Cuban Missile Crisis
occurred in 1962
Ernesto Guevara de la Serna
Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. He played a key role in the Cuban Revolution alongside Fidel Castro and became an iconic figure in revolutionary movements worldwide.
La Higuera
A small village in Bolivia where Che Guevara was captured and executed by the Bolivian military in 1967.
Buenos Aires
The capital and largest city of Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Río de la Plata. It is a major cultural and economic hub of South America.
Arbenz
Refers to Jacobo Árbenz, a Guatemalan military officer and politician who served as the 25th President of Guatemala. He was ousted in a coup orchestrated by the United States government in 1954 due to his land reform policies.
Guatemala
A country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the south.
Moncada Barracks
A military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, which was the site of an armed attack led by Fidel Castro and his followers on July 26, 1953. Although the attack failed, it marked the beginning of the Cuban Revolution.
Bolivian Army
The national military force of Bolivia responsible for protecting the country’s sovereignty and maintaining internal security.
Ernesto Guevara Lynch
Che Guevara’s father, a civil engineer of Irish descent.
Granma: The yacht used by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, and other revolutionaries to travel from Mexico to Cuba in 1956, initiating the Cuban Revolution.
Foco
A concept of guerrilla warfare popularized by Che Guevara, emphasizing the importance of a small, dedicated group of revolutionaries initiating and sparking a larger popular uprising.
Fidel Castro
The leader of the Cuban Revolution and the Prime Minister and later President of Cuba from 1959 to 2008.
Celia de la Serna y Llosa
Che Guevara’s mother, of Spanish and Basque descent.
Sierra Maestra
A mountain range in southeastern Cuba where Fidel Castro and other revolutionaries established their base during the Cuban Revolution.
Jorge Castañeda
Could refer to several individuals, including Jorge Castañeda Gutman, a Mexican politician and academic, or Jorge Castañeda Castro, a Cuban-American author and scholar. Without more context, it’s unclear which individual is being referenced here.
Case Study of Paraguay
-Land locked, no direct access to sea
-Colonized by the spaniards
-Boarded by Brazil, Argentina, Bolivia and Uruguay
-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay = war against Brazil
-Started to rethink their societies
Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay
-not very big
-Many of the towns were founded by catholic priests
Alfredo Stronessner
-Dictator of Paraguay from 1954-1989
-Dictator for 35 years
-German name
-Was a masteso mother was Paraguay and father was a German descent
-Career in military, trained in Brazil
-Was overthrown in 1989
-Became a general in 1954 and overthrew
-Colorado Party
-Strossner allowed indigenous people to continue thriving
-Indigenous people are called Guarani
-Paraguay has two official languages: spanish and Guarani
Martin Almada activist
→ was in charge of finding the Terror Archive
→ which were documents the secret police of Stroessner kept
The Advent of Authoritarian Regimes (the regimes)
Latin America has has many interventions and dictatorships (look through all regimes)
Fear of communism was centered around?
the Cold war started in late 1940 ended in 1991 capitalistic vs. communism
Caudillo tradition
strong men
Crisis of ISI
-Import Substitution Industrialization
→ a model where countries like Brazil, Argentina, built local industries so they would make PRODUCTS using all Latin American parts, workers, etc.
Crisis of populism
lots of political corruption and tension in LA
The generals and military
help great power and influenced the people
Upholding the status quo
was very important
The pyramid
-(Light skin Elites at Top. Multao in Middle, and bottom VERY poor) racism was still occuring, some still couldn’t vote
-Wanted Weath in Power and keep down Lower Class
-Gov. made an alliance with elite
How did Latin American countries act towards regimes?
-Restricted civil liberties
-Congress shut down the legislative branch of the government.
-Making own laws = LOTS of chaos
-Censoring and restricting the press
-Suspending legal civil right, right to have a lawyer could be arrested and not have lawyer
-Censored musicians, artists, entertainers (songs against dictatorship) some were killed or put in jail or put into exile
-100K of people were put into exile (forced out of country or fearful for life so they left)
many forms of torture and repression took place
-Many were tortured and killed by police
-In Argentina 15,000 killed
-In Chile 3,000 killed
-In Brazil 500 killed
-200,000 killed in Guatemala many indigenous people
-Mexico City 400 killed
-El Salvador 80,000
-Many beaten up (low level) then released
Bureaucratic authoritarianism
A form of government characterized by a strong, centralized authority led by a dictator or authoritarian regime that relies heavily on bureaucratic mechanisms for governance and control, often suppressing political opposition and dissent.
Desaparecidos
A term primarily associated with the authoritarian regimes in several Latin American countries during the 20th century, particularly in Argentina and Chile. It refers to individuals who were forcibly abducted, often by government agents, and disappeared without a trace. Many of them were tortured and killed, and their bodies were disposed of in ways that made it difficult or impossible to locate them.
Madres de la Plaza de Mayo
A group of Argentine mothers who protested against the disappearance of their children during the Dirty War (1976-1983), a period of state terrorism in Argentina. They gathered in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, demanding information about the fate of their missing loved ones.
Abertura, distensão
Portuguese terms referring to the process of political liberalization and relaxation of authoritarian controls in Brazil during the late 1970s and early 1980s, leading to the gradual transition from military dictatorship to democracy.
Alliance for Progress
A program initiated by the United States in the 1960s aimed at promoting economic development and social reform in Latin America, particularly to counter the spread of communism and alleviate poverty.
Fr. Camilo Torres
A Colombian Roman Catholic priest, philosopher, and revolutionary who became involved in left-wing politics and guerrilla warfare. He was a prominent figure in the National Liberation Army (ELN) and was killed in combat in 1966.
Technocrats
Refers to individuals who are skilled in the technical or managerial aspects of a particular field, often used in the context of government or business to describe those who prioritize expertise and efficiency in decision-making.
Dirty War
A term commonly used to describe the state-sponsored terrorism and human rights abuses perpetrated by the military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983) against perceived political opponents, resulting in thousands of forced disappearances, torture, and killings.
Malvinas/Falkland Islands
A group of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, claimed by both Argentina and the United Kingdom. The two countries fought a brief but intense war over the islands in 1982, known as the Falklands War in the UK and the Guerra de las Malvinas in Argentina.
Itaipu
A hydroelectric dam located on the Paraná River on the border between Brazil and Paraguay. It is one of the largest dams in the world in terms of power generation capacity.
Catholic Church
The largest Christian church, with more than a billion members worldwide. It is headed by the Pope and is based in Vatican City. The Catholic Church has played a significant role in the history and culture of many Latin American countries.
Guillermo O’Donnell
An Argentine political scientist known for his work on authoritarianism, democratization, and bureaucratic authoritarian regimes in Latin America. He coined the term “bureaucratic authoritarianism” and made significant contributions to the study of democracy and governance in the region.
Produced by Amnesty International
helps prisoners of conscious
Pinochet
General of Army, in 1973 on 9/11/73
Arriving in Chile
the Andean Mountains, very nice climate along the coast
Chile’s national tree
The Araucaria (Pine tree)
Santiago international Airport
Very modern, lots of shops and stuff to do while waiting for flight!
What is the capital of Chile
-Santiago
-Located in Basin (very hazy/ smog from cars)
-If you have Asthma you need to be careful
Fundacion Augusto Pincochet
the politics of the right in the 1990s
the Pinochet was
-Remembered and defended during the London crisis
(Was arrested)
Defensive human rights under the Pinochet
3000 people were killed under Pinochet
Chile’s cathedral
-The Catholic Church defended human rights
-Next to church was the Vicaria de Solidaridad
-Office and function of catholic church
-Investigated human rights abusive and helped those who had been abused
Las Poblaciones
-The opposition to Pinochet among the poor
-Working class areas of Santiago
-Image shows Jesus Christ in white, people carrying the cross and displays that christ is the hopeful figure and is looking over them, symbol of liberation
-Chile is primarily catholic country
Palacio de La Moneda
-Like white house
-Used for the Chile President
-Where Allende committed suicide in 1973
-Military was bombing this palace
-Public building to walk in and out of
-For people of Chile this place is traumatic, the president was overthrown!
The flame represents
remembering the defeat of communism
Allendes cemetery
-Allendes tomb moved to main cemetery of Santiago 1908-1973
-At Cemetary important monument to dead ‘los desaparecidos’
On right
is the name of executed political prisoners
Repression
-The Estadio Nacional (soccer stadium)
-More than 12,000 prisoner were kept here in this stadium
-Every year on Sept. 11 remembrance happens, flowers
-Prisoner sat in the stands
-The stadium is used today for soccer games
-Prisoner were taken into the bowels for torture (done secretly without outsiders knowing)
-Prisoners held, tortured and killed
2 americans in late 20s were here and arrested and killed
