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Earth History Midterm #3 > Late Paleozoic > Flashcards

Late Paleozoic Flashcards

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1
Q

What is categorized in the Carboniferous?

A

Mississippian and Pennsylvanian

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2
Q

When does the Paleozoic end?

A

At the end of the PERMIAN

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3
Q

What was the oldest fish on Earth? What is unique about them?

A

AMPHIOXUS

Are jawless fish, incapable of biting, not great at being predators

Came after Pikaia

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4
Q

What happened at the start of the Devonian regarding fish types?

A

New types of fish emerge with the very first JAWS

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5
Q

How did jaws develop?

A

Jaws developed from gill arches which consist of small bones that support each gill

These arches fused and hinged to form the jawbone

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6
Q

What’s the difference between SHARKS and the JAWLESS FISH?

A

Sharks have 3 LESS gill arches and 2 LESS gills compared to the jawless fish

Used the gill arches and gills to form the jaw

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7
Q

Do all chordates (animals with spinal chord) have gills and gill arches?

A

YES

During the EMBRYONIC stage, dissapears during development

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8
Q

How did humans use their gills and gill arches?

A

Humans have gill arches that are repurposed to our ear bones, jaw, and neck

Gill arches fuse together, sealing the gills

LEAVES BEHIND REMANENT OF A GILL AS AN EAR PIT

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9
Q

What are the two main types of JAWED FISH?

A

BONY FISH (Fish)

CARTILAGINOUS FISH (Sharks, Stingrays)

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10
Q

What are cartilaginous fish?

A

Have a skeleton that consists of cartilage, rather than bone

Ex. SHARKS

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11
Q

What is so unique about sharks?

A

FIRST animals to have discrete mineralized teeth that could be preserved, no actual bones to preserve besides teeth

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12
Q

What are bony fish? Some innovations?

A

Use of bones instead of cartilage

Having a SWIM BLADDER filled with gas and helps maintain buoyancy in the ocean

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13
Q

Who were the first animals to have ribs?

A

Bony fish were the FIRST animals to have ribs

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14
Q

What is the innovation of swim bladders from fish/

A

LUNGS for breathing air, lunges developed by adding more surface area and blood vessels to the swim bladder

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15
Q

What are lungfish?

A

Was probably the first to step out onto land

CAPABLE OF USING GILLS OR LUNGS

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16
Q

What are the two primary types of BONE FISH?

A

(LUNG FISH) Lobe-finned fish = fleshy lobes for fins

(TYPICAL FISH) Ray-finned fish = fins with bony rays

17
Q

Where did 4-legged animals come from?

A

FISH SIMILAR TO THE LUNGFISH WITH LOBE-LIKE FINS

Modifying a lobe-finned fish into an amphibian requires very little change since their anatomy is very similar

18
Q

What needs to be done for fins on a lobe-finned fish to become amphibian arms?

A

NOTHING

All the bones necessary for an amphibian arm are present within the fin of the lobe fish

ONLY SPECIALIZATION OF THE FIN BONES IS NECESSARY

19
Q

What is the final step to create the earliest land animals aka amphibians?

A

REDUCTION OF FINGER BONES

ALL modern amphibians have 5 or fewer digits

20
Q

What are the evolutionary traits that fish evolved into to create amphibians?

A
  1. Gills and gill arches fuse to create the jaw, ear bones, and neck
  2. Creation of ribs, first animals to have ribs
  3. The creation of the swim bladder that later became the lungs
  4. Creation of amphibian arms from the fin of the lobe-finned fish
  5. The reduction of finger bones to 5 or less digits
21
Q

What are the likely origins of early plant life?

A

ALGAE

Algae make up a major coastal component today and could easily leap to land

22
Q

What was the major problem for sea plants moving to land and surviving? How did they solve this?

A

THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER

Plants had solved this problem with ROOTS

23
Q

How did plants use their roots to survive?

A

Plants can transport water up through their roots and stem

THEY HAVE A VASCULAR SYSTEM BECAUSE OF THE ROOTS

Takes water from the ground and sends it up

24
Q

What are the many traits that sea plants acquire to survive on land?

A

Roots to transport water

Waxy coating to prevent water from entering or leaving the plant (prevents them drying out)

Creation of stomata, little holes in the leaf, that can keep or release gas or water (hot sunny, holes close to preserve water)

25
Q

Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur?

A

Conduct all photosynthetic transactions through the stomata due to their waxy coating

Stomata take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen

26
Q

What did all of the earliest land plants have despite their very simple genetic makeup?

What was their genetic makeup?

A

THEY ALL POSSESSED A VASCULAR SYSTEM

These early plants had a narrow stem, small leaves, and a few rootlets

27
Q

What happened by the end of the Devonian regarding land plant life?

A

LARGE TREES HAD EMERGED AND SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

These trees formed the world’s first forests

Ex. Archaeopteris

28
Q

What happened as the Devonian period comes to a close?

A

SECOND MASS EXTINCTION EVENT

29
Q

What is the late Devonian extinction associated with? (Rock layers)

A

Marine rock layers that are carbon-rich like coal

30
Q

How can rocks in the ocean become carbon-rich?

A

Stagnant, low-oxygen water prevents decay

31
Q

How did trees help create carbon-rich layers?

A

As trees washed away into the ocean, they would start to decay from organisms eating them, oxygen is consumed rendering the ocean anoxic

32
Q

What are anoxic conditions (no oxygen)?

A

Massive amounts of organic carbon could be buried

The preserved carbon reflects low-oxygen water

33
Q

What can exterminate shallow marine ecosystems?

A

Transgression can bring up anoxic water from deep parts of the ocean to shallow water environments

LATE DEVONIAN = 2 MASSIVE TRANSGRESSIONS (WATER RISE)

34
Q

What is one sign that a transgression has occurred that killed off shallow marine life?

A

Black carbon-rich mudstone is shown with HORIZONTAL BEDDING, meaning that bioturbation stopped

Animals go extinct, they can not have bioturbation

35
Q

What is the relationship between bioturbation and the amount of oxygen?

A

AS OXYGEN DECLINES, BIOTURBATION DECLINES AS WELL

36
Q

What caused the Late Devonian Mass Extinction event???

A

The transgression of anoxic water conditions devastated reefs

37
Q

When do reefs recover?

A

REEFS DO NOT RECOVER UNTIL THE PERMIAN PERIOD

Earth History Midterm #3 (12 decks)

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