Late 19th Century Social Developments.... and then Russia Flashcards
entering the mid 19th century, europe had a population that made up ___% of the world. What was this percentage in relation to past and future statistics? would it ever grow?
20%, the largest, no it would not
Developing and Non developing world mean:
Industrialized and Nonindustrialized
Differences between developed and nondeveloped world
a developed world (US and Europe) had very little to no population growth. However, non-developed countries had massive population growth.
During the late 19th century, European populations were the most _______ they had ever been
mobile; lots of migration
Why was 19th century europe so mobile?
because of peasants; they were leading uncomfortable lives in comparison to the higher ranks
3 reasons Why were peasants moving so much during this time?
- because of the industrialization in agriculture, peasants began to lose their jobs and had to move somewhere else.
- the emancipation of serfs made it so that they weren’t tied to their land anymore
- technological innovations in travels would allow people to move from place to place much faster
This mobility helps what major movement begin to take place with much more ease?
europeanization
When thinking of the FIRST industrial Revolution we think of
coal, iron, steam, textiles
When thinking of the SECOND Industrial Revolution we think of
Steel (metal alloys, chemicals, electricity, oil)
What was the Bessemer process, who created it, what for
It was a process of steel production made by Henry Bessemer which would make producing steel much cheaper and more efficient
What innovations were seen with Chemical products? Name some of the products
there were new processes by Solway where alkali based production processes allowed for mote chemical products; sulfuric acid, plastic, soap
most important invention?
electricity
Where was the first major power plant, and when was it established?
England, 1881
Two consequences of electricity becoming so portable and versatile?
- factories never have to stop running
- a new night life emerges (the second day)
when was the first internal combustion engine developed; who gives it four wheels and makes it a car?
1886; Daimler
first country to become industrialized in automobile manufactoring
France
When does US begin to take lead in automobile manufacturing?
when henry ford creates the concept of the assembly line
aside from the assembly line, what else did Ford accomplish
cars were no longer seen as only a novelty item
Why do oil companies begin to arise?
because of the production of automobiles and electricity which was increasing at this time
what are the two factors that slow down agriculture in europe?
bad weather
emerging international competition
what is enlightened self interest
wanting yo help yourself, but by doing so, also helping others
what happened because people wanted to buy new goods?
factories increased the rate in which they produce, workers got higher wages, and people therefore could buy more new stuff
what was the period between 1854-1914 known as
the age of the middle class
What happens to the middle class at this time regarding demographics and revolutionary behavior
the middle class becomes more diverse; they are less recolutionary becuase they want to protect all of the nice things they have from workers unions and other revolutionary groups
who were the Krupps
German manufacturing giants (extremely rich middle class)
what determined someone of the true middle class?
they had to have at least one servant
as city size grew, ________ got worse
sanitation and sewer system
What was the major innovation created by urban planners at this time
instead of random urban areas, they created a downtown where large corporation, business, and the wealthy could be found
The Seine became ___________-
an open sewer lol
Who does Napoleon III hire to make changes to French cities?
Georges Haussmann
changes made by Haussmann
- wider streets to prevent barricades
- large and famous structures/monuments
- suburbs made for other people bc downtown was too expensive
what was an effect of the increasing work commute from suburbs to the city
railways were installed for workers to get to work faster
why (2 reasons) did high ranking official better the sanitation in suburban areasx
because the middle and working class had been asking for these changes, and making them happen would diminish revolt: ALSO the cholera outbreak
developments in higience
larger sewer systems, water treatment plans, public health acts, random health checks
Women
were of lower status in every class
Property in regards to women
a woman could not own property in her own name, if she was married the property would go to her husband
1882- married women property act
allowed for married women, and not just single women, to own property under their name
women had the same legal status as……
childrn
The only way for a WOMAN to get a divorce was
if the husband was committing adultery
two major economic developments that will affect womens place in society
- a significant growth in the variety of jobs (more jobs for women)
- withdrawal of women from the workforce bc husband supported entire family and they took care of domestic things
women worked in these two fields a lot
textiles and retail (bc they sold to other women, and men would listen to them too)
did prostitutes keep their jobs by choice forever?
no, usually only for a few months so they would be able to get money to get by
where were most prostitutes found and why?
they were found in the rural areas because they cannot find jobs or clients in the urban areas.
differences between middle class and working class women
middle class women had electricity and sanitation, while working class had neither
Cult of Domesticity
Meant that each gender had their own sphere: men at work, women in the house
a woman’s appearance determined
the success of a man
women made up the majority of what active group
social workers
birth rate began to drop because……
people wanted less children so that they could have a larger disposible income for the few children they did have
why did men fear giving women the right to vote
women were so active in the church that they feared women would vote conservative
________________ would start a moderate suffrage group believing if woman could be responsible, active people in politics then parliaments would be conceived to giving women the right to vote (National Union)
Millicent Fawcett
_________________ was much more radical and would bring radical militancy to the femenist movements: WOmen’s Social and Political Union (MEMBERS WERE SUFFRAGETES)
Emily Pankhurst
first woman in france to fight for a vote
Hubertine Auclet
1890’s french femenist movement consisting mainly of upper class women who opposed suffrage but supported other femenist movements
National Council of French Women
the_________passed womens suffrage, but the _________ negated it
The chamber of deputies; the senate
Weimar constitution results in________ in 1919
women’s right to vote in Germany
Most important figure to bring forth industrialization in Russia
Sergei Witte
why does Sergei Witte want to protect tariffs and put high taridffs
He wants to build up industry and be extremely efficient with the money earned
largest production in russia will comes from
textiles (althrough also steel ,coal, andrailways
Increase in russian innovation is increase in russian discontent bc of
rising taxes and falling grain prices
Certain peasants with enough prosperity to find a lot of land and employ other peasants in Russia
Kulaks
What causes widespread hunger in Russia and uprising
Increasing population
SRP
Social Revolutionary Party
What did the SRP do
They were the people that wanted to avoid any kind of industrialization and wanted rural Russia once again
Why did the SRP want a rural Russia
They wanted to protect Russia from the corruption of the west
CDP stands for….
Constitutional Democratic Party
What are members of the CDP also known as
cadets
What are the cadets from the CDP
Liberal party members that looked at Western Europe for inspiration
What type of government did the CDPwant
A British style monarchy, a very limited government, a constitution, support for industrialization, free enterprise, low or no taxes
what does SDPstand for
Social Democratic Party
Sdp members did what
They didn’t believe in revolution as a means for reform in Russia,so they all became politicians
What did SDP members feel towards unions
They thought that they had to slowly win over unions to gain workers in steady increments
Why was Marxism impossible in Russia
Because Russia had few representative and a poor middle class
Did Lenin believe in revolution? What class was he in? Why is he exiled? Where does he go to become a Marxist?
Lenin did believe in revolution,
He was middle class, he was exiled bc his brother was involved in a plan to assassinate Alexander III, Goes to Germany to become Marxist
What does Lenin join when he is exiled to Germany
He gets involved with the SDP where he would become a Marxist due to inspiration and admiration of the German SDP
What views diesel in have a problem with
Revisionist views
What is lennin’s booktitled
What is to be done
What does Lenin believe is to be done
Trade unions and unionization shouldn’t be pushed bc unionization for short term gains is the idea that people could take as much as they could possibly get: Lenin believes that joining trade unions would mean that people would settle for less
What happens as an effect of Leninist Marxism
Marxism is split into 2 (Bolshevik and Menshevik)
What were Bolsheviks
They were the majority group who advocated revolution and supporting Lenin
Who were the Mensheviks
The minority group who wanted the opposite of what Lenin wanted (minority, revisionism, a Democratic Party, mass membership)
What was a major factor to bring about the revolution of 1905
Industrialization
Who does the tsar replace Sergei witte with
Pyotr Stolypin
Pyotr Styopolin wanted what to _________ to win populRity
He wanted to start a war, he chose Japan, (Russo Japanese war) Japan won
What does Japan win from Russia after the Russo Japanese war
Korea, Manchuria
Who led the Bloody Sunday revolt
Father Gapon along with a group of peasants who approach the winter palace of the tsar
The Bloody Sunday revolt happened in what way and intended to communicate what
It was a peaceful revolt in which the peasants wanted to communicate to the tsar the terrible conditions they were in, the tsar sent soldiers to fire back to them, they died
Who revolt for changes from tsar
Workers, students, cadets, sailors
Who issues the October manifesto, promises to make a institution in public, and promises reform
Nicholas
What national change does Nicholas establish
He makes a national parliamentary body called the Duma (to which he asserts autocracy over)
What were the problems with the first 2/3 Dumas
They were too radical, but the third he made in a particular way so that he was the leader of them and whatever the Duma passed still had to be approved by the tsar
What does Styolipin do in 1906
He begins full scale suppression of socialism by canceling any payments still owed to the government so that the land they owned was officially theirs (which made peasants more efficient)
True or false….Because of his repression of socialism, stolipin would be assassinated
True
Rasputin shows up
He’s hated by everyone except Nicholas and his family, so everyone tries to kill him and then he dies by being drowned
What was Nicholas’s bold move
He says that although they had lost the Russo Japanese war, next time they wouldn’t be alone ( thus ww1 begins)
