last part of lung patho

Question 1

true/false:

dyspmea in COPD is more of FEV1 than hyperinflation

Answer 1

False

-more of hyperinflation than FEV1

Question 2

explain the physio of COPD

Answer 2

fast inhalation causes the airway to collapse so kapag nag exhale… di lahat nalalabas kaya alveoli opens up some more and more air is trap (cycle continues)

Question 3

t/F: napupuno agad ang lungs dahil malaki ang residual volume

Answer 3

true

Question 4

t/f: functional residual capacity of the lings increases as well as the total lung capacoty and tidal volume

Answer 4

false- total lung capacoty and todal volume remains the same

Question 5

characterized by persistent airlfow limitation with several features usually associated with asthma and copd

Answer 5

asthma-copd overlap syndrome

Question 6

cells in asthma

Answer 6

mast cells, eosinophils, cd4, t cells , macrophages

Question 7

cells in copd

Answer 7

neutrophils, cd8 t cells, macrophages

Question 8

MEDIATORS IN ASTHMA AND COPD

Answer 8

Asthama: LTD4, histamine, il4,il5, Ros +
COPD: LTB4, IL-8,TNF-a, ROS +++

Question 9

effects of asthma and copd

Answer 9

astma: all airways, little fibrosis,epithelial shedding

copd:
peripheral airways, lung destruction, fibrosis, squamous metaplasia

Question 10

dilation of medium sized bronchi

Answer 10

bronchiesctasis

Question 11

principle mediator of bronchiectasis

Answer 11

Neutrophils

Question 12

presentation of Bronchiectasis

Answer 12

focal: in an isolated segment
diffuse: spread throughout the mid and lower tracheobronchial tree

Question 13

PRIMARY CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BE

Answer 13

impairment of mucociliary drainage
anatomic airway obstruction
congenital disease predisposes to chronic infection

Question 14

produces nonfunctional cilia

Answer 14

alpha- antitrypsin 1

Question 15

CAUSES OF BE

Answer 15

Postinfective
mechanical obstruction
defcient immune resposne
inflammatory pneumonitis
congenital

Question 16

examples of postinfective

Answer 16

whooping cough, tb, non-tb myobacteria

Question 17

examples of deficient immune response

Answer 17

HIV

Question 18

example of inflammatory pneumonitis

Answer 18

aspiration of gastric contents, inhalation of toxic gases

Question 19

T/F: we do not do biopsies on the philippines. we do CT scan and CXR

Answer 19

true

Question 20

a reed classification wherein the bronchi is consistently widened

Answer 20

cylindrical BE

Question 21

reeds classification that has irregular latterns that mimics varicose vein

Answer 21

VARICOSE BE

Question 22

bronchial dilation increases towards the peripheral areas og the lungs.

Answer 22

sacular bronchiectasis

Question 23

quality of septum in BE

Answer 23

purulemt three layered

Question 24

all other causes of BE (Nomenclature)

Answer 24

NON-CF BE

Question 25

most common life limiting genetic disorder to caucasions

Answer 25

mucoviscoidosis

Question 26

autosomal recessive disorder affecting mostly the lungs but also the lpancreas, liver and intestines

Answer 26

cystic fibrosis

Question 27

gene that mutates in cystic fibrosis

Answer 27

CTFR GENE

Question 28

function of CTRFR

Answer 28

regulates Cl and Na transport across epithelium

Question 29

T/F coughing in cystic fobrosis is prevalent in the evening

Answer 29

False-morning

Question 30

3 layers of the sputum of BE

Answer 30

upper-froth middle-green lower-pus cells

Question 31

a heterogenous disease characterized by chronic inflammation of airway

Answer 31

ASTHMA

Question 32

why is asthma aka as hyperresponsiveness

Answer 32

the airway narrows easily because of too easy repsonse to rxogenous and endogenous stimuli

Question 33

T/F in the presence of allergens, sensitizers, viruses, and air pollutants, a genetically predisposed individual develops chrinic inflammation

Answer 33

true

Question 34

most important cell in asthma

Answer 34

eosinophils

Question 35

asthma is driven by__

Answer 35

TH2

Question 36

recruits inflammatory cells into the airways anre mainly expressed in airway epithelial cells

Answer 36

chemokines

Question 37

potent bronchioconstrictors and proinflammatory mediators

Answer 37

cysteinyl leukotrienes

Question 38

orchestrate the inflammatory response in asthma and determine it severity

Answer 38

cytokines

Question 39

released from the mast cells. comtributes to bronchoconstriction and inflammatory response

Answer 39

histamine

Question 40

potent vasodilator

Answer 40

nitric oxide

Question 41

bronchoconstrictor derived from mast cell | involved in th2 cell recruitment to the airways

Answer 41

prostaglandin D2

Question 42

key players in asthma

Answer 42

IgE Mast cells eosinophils

Question 43

structural changes in airways | SABM

Answer 43

subepithelial fibrosis airway smooth. muscle increases blood vessels in airway walls proliferate mucus hypersecretion

Question 44

distinct features of asthmatic airway | whitd

Answer 44

``` wall/mucosal edema hpertrophies and hyperplastic cells inflammatory cells thickened basement membrane denuded mucosa ```

Question 45

hyperinflation leads to :(5)

Answer 45

``` hypoventilation hypotension respiratory failure respiratory acidosis pneumothorax ```

Question 46

factors that influence asthma dev and expression to the host

Answer 46

atrophy gender obesity early infections

Question 47

factors that influence asthma development and expression (environemnt)

Answer 47

``` indoor and outdoor allergend tobacco smoke air pollution respiratory infection acetaminophen hygiene hypothesis ```

Question 48

risk factors for persistence of symptoms of asthma

Answer 48

``` indoor allergens (house duat mite, cockroaches, animal allergens) outdoor allergens:pollens tobacco smoke air pollution cold air drugs (beta blockers) stress obesity ```

Question 49

factors that precipitate asthma exacerbations

Answer 49

``` respiratory infections (most common)rsv,c,r weather changes exercise drugs extreme emotional expressiin ```