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Lung Patho continuation > last part of lung patho > Flashcards

last part of lung patho Flashcards

1
Q

true/false:

dyspmea in COPD is more of FEV1 than hyperinflation

A

False

-more of hyperinflation than FEV1

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2
Q

explain the physio of COPD

A

fast inhalation causes the airway to collapse so kapag nag exhale… di lahat nalalabas kaya alveoli opens up some more and more air is trap (cycle continues)

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3
Q

t/F: napupuno agad ang lungs dahil malaki ang residual volume

A

true

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4
Q

t/f: functional residual capacity of the lings increases as well as the total lung capacoty and tidal volume

A

false- total lung capacoty and todal volume remains the same

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5
Q

characterized by persistent airlfow limitation with several features usually associated with asthma and copd

A

asthma-copd overlap syndrome

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6
Q

cells in asthma

A

mast cells, eosinophils, cd4, t cells , macrophages

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7
Q

cells in copd

A

neutrophils, cd8 t cells, macrophages

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8
Q

MEDIATORS IN ASTHMA AND COPD

A

Asthama: LTD4, histamine, il4,il5, Ros +
COPD: LTB4, IL-8,TNF-a, ROS +++

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9
Q

effects of asthma and copd

A

astma: all airways, little fibrosis,epithelial shedding

copd:
peripheral airways, lung destruction, fibrosis, squamous metaplasia

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10
Q

dilation of medium sized bronchi

A

bronchiesctasis

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11
Q

principle mediator of bronchiectasis

A

Neutrophils

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12
Q

presentation of Bronchiectasis

A

focal: in an isolated segment
diffuse: spread throughout the mid and lower tracheobronchial tree

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13
Q

PRIMARY CRITERIA FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF BE

A

impairment of mucociliary drainage
anatomic airway obstruction
congenital disease predisposes to chronic infection

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14
Q

produces nonfunctional cilia

A

alpha- antitrypsin 1

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15
Q

CAUSES OF BE

A 
Postinfective
mechanical obstruction
defcient immune resposne
inflammatory pneumonitis
congenital
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16
Q

examples of postinfective

A

whooping cough, tb, non-tb myobacteria

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17
Q

examples of deficient immune response

A

HIV

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18
Q

example of inflammatory pneumonitis

A

aspiration of gastric contents, inhalation of toxic gases

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19
Q

T/F: we do not do biopsies on the philippines. we do CT scan and CXR

A

true

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20
Q

a reed classification wherein the bronchi is consistently widened

A

cylindrical BE

21
Q

reeds classification that has irregular latterns that mimics varicose vein

A

VARICOSE BE

22
Q

bronchial dilation increases towards the peripheral areas og the lungs.

A

sacular bronchiectasis

23
Q

quality of septum in BE

A

purulemt three layered

24
Q

all other causes of BE (Nomenclature)

A

NON-CF BE

25
Q

most common life limiting genetic disorder to caucasions

A

mucoviscoidosis

26
Q

autosomal recessive disorder affecting mostly the lungs but also the lpancreas, liver and intestines

A

cystic fibrosis

27
Q

gene that mutates in cystic fibrosis

A

CTFR GENE

28
Q

function of CTRFR

A

regulates Cl and Na transport across epithelium

29
Q

T/F coughing in cystic fobrosis is prevalent in the evening

A

False-morning

30
Q

3 layers of the sputum of BE

A

upper-froth
middle-green
lower-pus cells

31
Q

a heterogenous disease characterized by chronic inflammation of airway

A

ASTHMA

32
Q

why is asthma aka as hyperresponsiveness

A

the airway narrows easily because of too easy repsonse to rxogenous and endogenous stimuli

33
Q

T/F in the presence of allergens, sensitizers, viruses, and air pollutants, a genetically predisposed individual develops chrinic inflammation

A

true

34
Q

most important cell in asthma

A

eosinophils

35
Q

asthma is driven by__

A

TH2

36
Q

recruits inflammatory cells into the airways anre mainly expressed in airway epithelial cells

A

chemokines

37
Q

potent bronchioconstrictors and proinflammatory mediators

A

cysteinyl leukotrienes

38
Q

orchestrate the inflammatory response in asthma and determine it severity

A

cytokines

39
Q

released from the mast cells. comtributes to bronchoconstriction and inflammatory response

A

histamine

40
Q

potent vasodilator

A

nitric oxide

41
Q

bronchoconstrictor derived from mast cell

involved in th2 cell recruitment to the airways

A

prostaglandin D2

42
Q

key players in asthma

A

IgE
Mast cells
eosinophils

43
Q

structural changes in airways

SABM

A

subepithelial fibrosis
airway smooth. muscle increases
blood vessels in airway walls proliferate
mucus hypersecretion

44
Q

distinct features of asthmatic airway

whitd

A 
wall/mucosal edema
hpertrophies and hyperplastic cells
inflammatory cells
thickened basement membrane
denuded mucosa
45
Q

hyperinflation leads to :(5)

A 
hypoventilation
hypotension
respiratory failure
respiratory acidosis 
pneumothorax
46
Q

factors that influence asthma dev and expression to the host

A

atrophy
gender
obesity
early infections

47
Q

factors that influence asthma development and expression (environemnt)

A 
indoor and outdoor allergend
tobacco smoke
air pollution
respiratory infection
acetaminophen
hygiene hypothesis
48
Q

risk factors for persistence of symptoms of asthma

A 
indoor allergens (house duat mite, cockroaches, animal allergens)
outdoor allergens:pollens
tobacco smoke
air pollution
cold air
drugs (beta blockers)
stress
obesity
49
Q

factors that precipitate asthma exacerbations

A 
respiratory infections (most common)rsv,c,r
weather changes
exercise
drugs
extreme emotional expressiin

Lung Patho continuation (1 decks)

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