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1
Q

What types of traits are best suited for studying the differences between populations of organisms ?

A

Monogenic traits

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2
Q

In the ABO blood group, which of the phenotypes is the universal donor ??

A

O is the universal donor because it doesn’t contain no antigens

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3
Q

Which is the universal recipient

A

AB is the recipient bc it has both antigens Antigens from group A
AND
B

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4
Q

List alleles associated with the RH blood group

A

D (dominant)

d (recessive)

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5
Q

List genotypes and their phenotypes,,, associated with the RH blood group

A

DD(homozygous dominant)= RH+

Dd( heterozygous) = RH +

dd(homozygous recessive) = RH -

RH+ is universal recipient because it has D antigen

RH- is donor bc no antigens

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6
Q

What are the two alleles involved in sickle cell disorder

A

HbA

HbS

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7
Q

What are the genotypes and their associates phenotypes for sickle cell disorders

A

A, A is normal

A, S is sickle cell trait

S, S is sickle cell anemia

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8
Q

Why are there three phenotypes in regards to sickle cell Traits

A

Because both HbA and HbS alleles are codominant

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9
Q

Why is sickle cell trait an advantage in a malarial environment?

A

Because sickled blood cells are destroyed by macrophages and if the virus is inside sickled cells it will be destroyed as well

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10
Q

Define genetic polymorphism

A

A characteristic that has two or more phenotypes creating variation for evolution.

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11
Q

What is the only source of new alleles ?

A

Mutations

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12
Q

What can evolution be best defined as

A

A change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time

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13
Q

What to the genes in our DNA determine

A

The sequence in which our stages of growth will occur. The actual times at which these stages occur is then influenced by both our genes and environmental factors

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14
Q

How do human acquire food and resources

A

Unlike other animals, they do it within the context of culture and society

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15
Q

Does the age at which a human female has her menstrual cycle tend to be younger or older in an industrialized nation

A

Younger

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16
Q

What is the last stage of senescence characterized by in humans ?

A

The end of the reproductive years

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17
Q

What is dark skin a result of

A

Increased melanin production in Equatorial people’s

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18
Q

What can UV radiation cause

A

Skin cancer

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19
Q

What dark skin protect against

A

UV radiation

Skin cancer

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20
Q

What has a great reduction and human jaw size in the last 10,000 years lead to

A

Tooth crowding

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21
Q

In some areas the of cavities increased when Agriculture was introduced. This occurred because the agricultural populations

A

Consumed more starchy carbohydrates than their ancestors

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22
Q

Explain the Bio cultural view a bit

A

It takes into account both biological and cultural aspects of disease

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23
Q

What do anthropologists consider illnesses To be a product of

A

Genes
Environment
Culture

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24
Q

What does a prolonged juvenile stage in humans do

A

Prolongs onset of adulthood

Provides an extended period of social learning

Prolongs onset of ability to reproduce

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25
Do humans reach puberty later or earlier than other species
Later
26
What may aging be a result of
Accumulated DNA damage Pleiotropic gene effects Free radical action
27
Substances found on the surfaces of some cells that may be foreign to a persons body
Antigens
28
What is a macrophage
A type of cell that destroys pathogens such as virus and bacteria by simply eating them
29
Who has greater bone strength A foraging Or B agricultural
Foraging
30
What is a superfood
Any type of cereal grain that makes up a substantial portion of our diets today
31
How long have modern humans existed
100,000 years
32
How long has it taken the population to grow three orders of magnitude from a few million people to over 6 billion
10,000 BC AGRICULTURE
33
Give an example of a way that global warming and will not affect humans
A reduction in infectious diseases
34
What has happened to life expectancy in the US since 1900
It has increased largely due to improvements in medicine and sanitation
35
Explain the masticatory-functional hypothesis
The theory that face size in human beings decreased due to the consumption of softer foods
36
What is a genetic marker
A Gene or short sequence of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other jeans on a genetic map
37
Explain the prenatal stage
First stage of life. Begins with zygote in Utero and is terminated at birth Involves many mitotic events
38
Explain the post natal phase
The second stage of life Begins with birth and terminates at beginning of adult phase involves substantial increases in height weight and brain growth/development
39
Explain the adult stage
The third stage of life Involves the reproductive years And senescence
40
Give me a definition for DNA
It's stores genetic information
41
Where is DNA present
In Living things
42
Define transcription
The first step of protein synthesis. involved in the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template
43
Define translation
The second step of protein synthesis Involves the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosome which are then added to the protein chain
44
# Define mRNA Messenger RNA
The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for specific protein that is for the transcription phase of protein synthesis
45
# Define tRNA Transfer RNA
Molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
46
Describe triplets
Sequences of three nitrogen bases each in DNA known as codons in mRNA
47
Describe codons
The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis
48
Describe the transcription stage of protein synthesis
Parental strand of DNA unzips exposing two daughter strands of DNA Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA The strand of messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
49
Describe the translation phase of protein synthesis
The M RNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm Triplets of transfer RNA with exposed bases and each carrying an amino acid specific to a set of three bases recognize and bind with the complementary base pairs of mRNA The amino acids linked with peptide bonds form a chain called a polypeptide The protein forms either as a single polypeptide or as a multiple polypeptide bound together
50
What happens in DNA replication
And replication DNA makes identical copies of itself going from one double-stranded parent molecule of DNA to two double strands of daughter DNA. This means that where there was one chromosome now there are two
51
Define protein
Complex chemicals that make up tissues bring about the functions repairs and the growth of tissues
52
Do proteins consist of amino acids
Yes
53
What are proteins defined by
Each kind is defined by its particular combination and number of amino acids
54
How many amino acids are there
20
55
How many amino acids are produced by our body
12
56
How many essential amino acids are there and how do we get them
8 Particular foods
57
Describe a protein synthesis for me young buck
Two-step process Consists of transcription and translation
58
What is protein synthesis a function of
DNA
59
Describe homozygous alleles
A condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on a homologous chromosome are the same
60
Describe heterozygous alleles
A condition in which a pair of alleles at a single Locus on a homologous chromosomes are different
61
Define locus
The location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome
62
Define genetic polymorphism
Presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in a population
63
What are antigens
Substances such as bacteria foreign blood cells and enzymes that stimulate the immune system's anti-body production
64
What are anti-bodies
Molecules that form as a part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens
65
What is balanced polymorphism
Situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population
66
Cline
Gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
67
What does the post natal stage include
``` Neonatal (about the first month) Infancy ( second month to the end of lactation) usually by end of third year Childhood (3-7) Juvenile (7-10 / 7-12) Puberty (days or weeks) Adolescents (5-10 years after puberty) ```
68
What does the adult stage include
Reproductive period (20-the end of child bearing years >>>50 for girls later for men
69
Deciduous Dentition
Baby teeth They form a in utero and erupt shortly after birth
70
Weaning
The process of substituting other foods for the milk of a mother
71
Menarchy
Refers to the onset of menstruation
72
Sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical attributes of females and males of a particular species
73
Secular trend
A phenotypic change due to multiple factors
74
Aging
The process of maturation
75
Homeostasis
The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range
76
Menopause
The cessation of the menstrual cycle signifying the end of a female's ability to bear children
77
Ephyses
The end portions of long bones once they fuse to the diaphyses the bone stop growing longer
78
Diaphyses
The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary

Biological Anthropology (2 decks)

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