Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Anthropology > Last One > Flashcards

Last One Flashcards

1
Q

What types of traits are best suited for studying the differences between populations of organisms ?

A

Monogenic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In the ABO blood group, which of the phenotypes is the universal donor ??

A

O is the universal donor because it doesn’t contain no antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which is the universal recipient

A

AB is the recipient bc it has both antigens Antigens from group A
AND
B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List alleles associated with the RH blood group

A

D (dominant)

d (recessive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List genotypes and their phenotypes,,, associated with the RH blood group

A

DD(homozygous dominant)= RH+

Dd( heterozygous) = RH +

dd(homozygous recessive) = RH -

RH+ is universal recipient because it has D antigen

RH- is donor bc no antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two alleles involved in sickle cell disorder

A

HbA

HbS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the genotypes and their associates phenotypes for sickle cell disorders

A

A, A is normal

A, S is sickle cell trait

S, S is sickle cell anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are there three phenotypes in regards to sickle cell Traits

A

Because both HbA and HbS alleles are codominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is sickle cell trait an advantage in a malarial environment?

A

Because sickled blood cells are destroyed by macrophages and if the virus is inside sickled cells it will be destroyed as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define genetic polymorphism

A

A characteristic that has two or more phenotypes creating variation for evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the only source of new alleles ?

A

Mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can evolution be best defined as

A

A change in allele frequencies in a breeding population over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What to the genes in our DNA determine

A

The sequence in which our stages of growth will occur. The actual times at which these stages occur is then influenced by both our genes and environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do human acquire food and resources

A

Unlike other animals, they do it within the context of culture and society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does the age at which a human female has her menstrual cycle tend to be younger or older in an industrialized nation

A

Younger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the last stage of senescence characterized by in humans ?

A

The end of the reproductive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is dark skin a result of

A

Increased melanin production in Equatorial people’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can UV radiation cause

A

Skin cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What dark skin protect against

A

UV radiation

Skin cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What has a great reduction and human jaw size in the last 10,000 years lead to

A

Tooth crowding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In some areas the of cavities increased when Agriculture was introduced. This occurred because the agricultural populations

A

Consumed more starchy carbohydrates than their ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Explain the Bio cultural view a bit

A

It takes into account both biological and cultural aspects of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do anthropologists consider illnesses To be a product of

A

Genes
Environment
Culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does a prolonged juvenile stage in humans do

A

Prolongs onset of adulthood

Provides an extended period of social learning

Prolongs onset of ability to reproduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Do humans reach puberty later or earlier than other species

A

Later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What may aging be a result of

A

Accumulated DNA damage

Pleiotropic gene effects

Free radical action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Substances found on the surfaces of some cells that may be foreign to a persons body

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is a macrophage

A

A type of cell that destroys pathogens such as virus and bacteria by simply eating them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who has greater bone strength

A foraging
Or
B agricultural

A

Foraging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a superfood

A

Any type of cereal grain that makes up a substantial portion of our diets today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How long have modern humans existed

A

100,000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How long has it taken the population to grow three orders of magnitude from a few million people to over 6 billion

A

10,000

BC AGRICULTURE

33
Q

Give an example of a way that global warming and will not affect humans

A

A reduction in infectious diseases

34
Q

What has happened to life expectancy in the US since 1900

A

It has increased largely due to improvements in medicine and sanitation

35
Q

Explain the masticatory-functional hypothesis

A

The theory that face size in human beings decreased due to the consumption of softer foods

36
Q

What is a genetic marker

A

A Gene or short sequence of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other jeans on a genetic map

37
Q

Explain the prenatal stage

A

First stage of life.

Begins with zygote in Utero and is terminated at birth

Involves many mitotic events

38
Q

Explain the post natal phase

A

The second stage of life

Begins with birth and terminates at beginning of adult phase

involves substantial increases in height weight and brain growth/development

39
Q

Explain the adult stage

A

The third stage of life

Involves the reproductive years
And senescence

40
Q

Give me a definition for DNA

A

It’s stores genetic information

41
Q

Where is DNA present

A

In Living things

42
Q

Define transcription

A

The first step of protein synthesis.

involved in the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template

43
Q

Define translation

A

The second step of protein synthesis

Involves the transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosome which are then added to the protein chain

44
Q

Define mRNA

Messenger RNA

A

The molecules that are responsible for making a chemical copy of a gene needed for specific protein that is for the transcription phase of protein synthesis

45
Q

Define tRNA

Transfer RNA

A

Molecules that are responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis

46
Q

Describe triplets

A

Sequences of three nitrogen bases each in DNA known as codons in mRNA

47
Q

Describe codons

A

The sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coded to produce specific amino acids in protein synthesis

48
Q

Describe the transcription stage of protein synthesis

A

Parental strand of DNA unzips exposing two daughter strands of DNA

Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA

The strand of messenger RNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

49
Q

Describe the translation phase of protein synthesis

A

The M RNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm

Triplets of transfer RNA with exposed bases and each carrying an amino acid specific to a set of three bases recognize and bind with the complementary base pairs of mRNA

The amino acids linked with peptide bonds form a chain called a polypeptide

The protein forms either as a single polypeptide or as a multiple polypeptide bound together

50
Q

What happens in DNA replication

A

And replication DNA makes identical copies of itself going from one double-stranded parent molecule of DNA to two double strands of daughter DNA.

This means that where there was one chromosome now there are two

51
Q

Define protein

A

Complex chemicals that make up tissues bring about the functions repairs and the growth of tissues

52
Q

Do proteins consist of amino acids

A

Yes

53
Q

What are proteins defined by

A

Each kind is defined by its particular combination and number of amino acids

54
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

55
Q

How many amino acids are produced by our body

A

12

56
Q

How many essential amino acids are there and how do we get them

A

8

Particular foods

57
Q

Describe a protein synthesis for me young buck

A

Two-step process

Consists of transcription and translation

58
Q

What is protein synthesis a function of

A

DNA

59
Q

Describe homozygous alleles

A

A condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on a homologous chromosome are the same

60
Q

Describe heterozygous alleles

A

A condition in which a pair of alleles at a single Locus on a homologous chromosomes are different

61
Q

Define locus

A

The location of an allele, or gene, on a chromosome

62
Q

Define genetic polymorphism

A

Presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene in a population

63
Q

What are antigens

A

Substances such as bacteria foreign blood cells and enzymes that stimulate the immune system’s anti-body production

64
Q

What are anti-bodies

A

Molecules that form as a part of the primary immune response to the presence of foreign substances; they attach to the foreign antigens

65
Q

What is balanced polymorphism

A

Situation in which selection maintains two or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population

66
Q

Cline

A

Gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

67
Q

What does the post natal stage include

A 
Neonatal (about the first month)
Infancy ( second month to the end of lactation) usually by end of third year
Childhood (3-7)
Juvenile (7-10 / 7-12)
Puberty (days or weeks)
Adolescents (5-10 years after puberty)
68
Q

What does the adult stage include

A

Reproductive period (20-the end of child bearing years&raquo_space;>50 for girls later for men

69
Q

Deciduous Dentition

A

Baby teeth

They form a in utero and erupt shortly after birth

70
Q

Weaning

A

The process of substituting other foods for the milk of a mother

71
Q

Menarchy

A

Refers to the onset of menstruation

72
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

Differences in physical attributes of females and males of a particular species

73
Q

Secular trend

A

A phenotypic change due to multiple factors

74
Q

Aging

A

The process of maturation

75
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range

76
Q

Menopause

A

The cessation of the menstrual cycle signifying the end of a female’s ability to bear children

77
Q

Ephyses

A

The end portions of long bones once they fuse to the diaphyses the bone stop growing longer

78
Q

Diaphyses

A

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary

Biological Anthropology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions