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Geography > Last minute paper 2 > Flashcards

Last minute paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the Location of Boston

A

Boston is a small market town in the South-East of England in Lincolnshire

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2
Q

What are the three main population changes which have occurred in Boston?

A

It has grown in size, become more ethnically diverse and it has become younger

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3
Q

Why has the population of Boston grown in size?

A

migrants moved to the UK in 2004 because of European Union development - ‘freedom of movement’

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4
Q

What is the impact of Boston’s population growing?

A

More economically active people, benefiting the economy

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5
Q

Why has the population of Boston become more ethnically diverse?

A

EU expansion caused migration from A8 countries (joined the EU in 2004)

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6
Q

What is the impact of Boston become more ethnically diverse?

A

Multiculturalism as migrants bring culture and values to Boston

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7
Q

Why has the population of Boston become younger?

A

Migrants were mostly young adults moving to the UK for education of work. They will settle down and have children, widening the base of the pyramid.

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8
Q

What is the impact of Boston becoming younger?

A

Economically active population increases economy, more open-minded values.

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9
Q

What are some positives of Boston’s changing population?

A
  • Increased diversity and multiculturalism,
  • small housing boom as new estates and flats had to accommodate to for population increase,
  • Migrants fill low-wage jobs
  • Local authorities investing more into schools
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10
Q

What are some negatives of Boston’s changing population?

A
  • low-cost housing may cause overcrowding or poorer quality of housing
  • pressure on public services
  • harder for children to learn if English isn’t their first language
  • ‘most divided town’
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11
Q

What are some management strategies for urban challenges in London?

A
  • Stratford regeneration

- congestion charge

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12
Q

What were the aims of the stratford regeneration?

A

to encourage trade and tourism, develop facilities and build venues for Olympic games (2012)

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13
Q

What were some positive impacts of the stratford regeneration?

A
  • 7000 temporary jobs
  • development of eco-friendly buildings
  • improved public transport
  • $2.1 billion fro tourism during games
  • accommodation provided 3000 flats at 50% low cost after games
  • olympic park will remain, providing green spaces in Stratford
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14
Q

What were some negative impacts of the stratford regeneration?

A
  • jobs were short term
  • 380 businesses moved away to make space
  • house prices increased by 1/3
  • $12 billion spent to remove rubbish (is good for env)
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15
Q

What was the life expectancy of Stratford before?

A

77, now 80

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16
Q

What is the congestion charge?

A

A £15 charge for driving through the centre of london between peak times

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17
Q

Positives of the congestion charge?

A

discourages people from driving in London - 27% reduction ( good for environment). Money made can be put into public network. Encourages walking - good for health

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18
Q

Negatives of congestion charge?

A

May be ignored, can discourage businesses from staying in London

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19
Q

How is The UKs population changing?

A

It is increasing and becoming more of an ageing population - people are living longer. In 2004, there was a significant increase in the UKs population size and diversity as EU expansion meant migrants came to the UK for employment or education

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20
Q

Positives of Brixton gentrification?

A

Development of multi-culturalism and diversity, this becomes stronger over time as migrant population increases.

21
Q

Challenges of Brixton gentrificaiton?

A

Migrants face discrimination - in the windrush generation this was very overt with prejudiced signs and black people having to pay more in the housing market
Getting a job is difficult, attracted to poorer areas as it is cheaper.
Gentrification has taken place in Brixton so original community has been marginalized as white, wealthier people move in - social deprivation in areas of Brixton

22
Q

What caused the boom in migration in Brixton?

A

The 1948 British Nationality act gave UK citizenship to people from British colonies. Between 1948 and 1970, 1/2 a million people traveled from the Caribbean to England (wind rush)

23
Q

What is gentrification?

A

a process where an area is redeveloped or upgraded leading to the driving out of people who can’t afford to live there.

24
Q

Effect of gentrification on Brixton?

A

Internal migration increased costs of living in Brixton, wide division between rich and poor

25
Q

Positive impacts of TNC investment in Ethiopia?

A

jobs created, TNCs pay taxes - investment in infrastructure, encourages tourism, increases trade

26
Q

Negative impacts of TNC investment in Ethiopia?

A

lack of culture, workers are underpaid ($27 a month - base), poor working conditions, exploitation of workers

27
Q

How has trade influenced Ethiopia’s develpment?

A

Ethiopia are in a trade deficit - importing more than exporting - stunting development. They import goods of higher value than they are exporting, causing debt. Exports are, however, becoming secondary which is good for Ethiopia’s development.

28
Q

Positives of GERD?

A

improved ways of life (jobs, electricity, infrastructure from taxes), export of HEP (good for economy), less flood risk, renewable energy

29
Q

Negatives of GERD?

A

Political tension between neighboring countries and Ethiopia about Nile, possibility of debt as it cost $4.8 billion to build, 20000 relocated

30
Q

Positives of Goat Aid?

A

Long-term solution, empowers women by teaching them how to start businesses, improved nutrition (those who took part had a 41.8% higher calorie intake than others)

31
Q

Negative of Goat Aid?

A

Poor farmland as a result of soil erosion, food insecurity as goats also need to eat

32
Q

Issues with South Omo?

A

malnutrition, lack of education, history of famine

33
Q

How was the UK involved in Afghanistan conflict?

A

In 2002, the UK became part of Nato to maintain security in Kabul.
- over 450 troops dead since 2001
- involved in UNHCR to house refugees (133094 in 2019)
- helped to train 350000 Afghan National Security
Withdrew in 2014, leaving 450 troops to train forces

34
Q

How did the Afghanistan conflict start?

A

Political tension and unstable government. Taliban controlled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001. Recently restarted in 2021 - Taliban back in control

35
Q

Where is Afghanistan?

A

South-Central Asia neighbouring Pakistan, Iran and China

36
Q

Where is Eastbourne?

A

South coast of England, seaside resort

37
Q

What is the average age in Eastbourne?

A

43 (2013)

38
Q

What are some causes of the ageing population in Eastbourne?

A

Low death rate, high birth rate, high life expectancy, seaside resort is popular to elderly residents.

39
Q

Impacts of Ageing pop in Eastboune?

A

Retirement age rising - taxes continue to be paid but people work for longer
Government spend money on pensions ($168 billion) - less money spent on other priorities
Social tension between young and old
High crime rates
Grandparents can provide childcare

40
Q

Responses to ageing pop in Eastbourne?

A

Younger people moving to Eastbourne - good for economy as economically active
Policies to encourage people to save money put in place so pensions are not as necessary
Local councils are spending less on schools
Pension age raised

41
Q

What is the first MDG? Was it successful?

A

Halve number of people living in extreme poverty of suffering from hunger.
Poverty decreased by 31%, unemployment still high, 40% children malnourished

42
Q

What is the second MDG? Was it successful?

A

Make sure all children are in primary education.
96% in primary education
literacy rate 49% - not effective??

43
Q

What is the third MDG? Was it successful?

A

Increase number of girls in school and women in paid employment.
93% of girls in primary school, 26% women in government

44
Q

What is the fourth MDG? Was it successful?

A

Reduce death rates in children by 2/3.

Infant mortality reduced to 45/1000 from 97/1000, 65% of children receive vaccinations

45
Q

What is the fith MDG? Was it successful?

A

Reduce death rates in women during pregnancy by 3/4.

Maternal mortality decreased by 23%, 55% of women have access to contraception

46
Q

What is the sixth MDG? Was it successful?

A

Stop spread of major diseases including HIV and malaria.
HIV pandemic has stabalised, malaria incidents reduced by 50%, 89% live within 10km of a doctor but each doctor is shared between 3333 people

47
Q

What is the seventh MDG? Was it successful?

A

Protect the environment and make development sustainable.

HEP has risen to 41%, access to safe drinking water has risen to 69%

48
Q

What is the eighth MDG? Was it successful?

A

Make sure all countries around the world work together to help LIDCs develop.
30-50% total external assistance is food/other aid

49
Q

What is a negative of development indicators?

A

They can disguise inequalities as they are averages - misleading

Geography (7 decks)

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