Last minute memorisation

Question 1

Where are vitamins absorbed and what are the exceptions?

Answer 1

Mostly in jejnum.

Iron in duodenum.

Bile salts and B12 in terminal ileum.

Question 2

Embryology of pituitary - anterior and posterior?

Answer 2

Anterior = oral ectoderm

Posterior = neural ectoderm

Question 3

Two branches of external iliac (which then becomes femoral)?

Answer 3

Inferior epigastric arteries

Deep circumflex iliac arteries

Question 4

What forms from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm of trilaminar disk?

Answer 4

ectoderm = CNS, PNS, skin, hair, nails, eyes

mesoderm = connective tissue, UG system, vessels

endoderm = GI tract, respiratory tract, liver and foregut, thyroid and parathyroid

Question 5

Types of collagen and where you find them?

Answer 5

Type I = skin, bone, tendons, ligaments

Type II = cartilage

Type III = reticular

Type IV = basement membranes

Type V = placenta, hair, nails, cell surfaces

Question 6

Motor, general sensory and taste of the tongue?

Answer 6

Question 7

Cell locations in the stomach?

Answer 7

Cardia = mucous

Fundus/body = parietal + chief

Antrum/pylorus = G cells

D cells everywhere

ECL = gastric pits

Question 8

Pathway of vitamin D3 activation?

Answer 8

7-dehydrocholesterol –> vitamin D3 in the skin (UV light)

vitamin D3 –> 25-hydroxyvitamin-D in the liver (hydroxylase)

25-hydroxyvitamin-D –> 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D in the kidney (1-α-hydroxylase)

Question 9

What nerves form from the pharyngeal arches?

Answer 9

Arches: 1,2,3,4,6

Nerves: V3,7,9,10,10

Question 10

What forms from the aortic arches?

Answer 10

1st arch = maxillary artery

2nd arch = stapedial

3rd arch = common carotid

4th arch = aorta + right subclavian

5th arch = nothing

6th arch = pulmonary arteries + lungs

Question 11

Which cells in thyroid produce calcitonin?

Answer 11

Parafollicular cells

Question 12

Two actions of thyroid hormones?

Answer 12

Increase BMR + increase glucose levels

Question 13

T3 and T4 are fat-soluble. What transports them in the blood?

Answer 13

Albumin

Thyronine binding globulin

Question 14

What happens to T4 at the peripheries?

Answer 14

T4 deiodinated into T3

Question 15

What’s the two main purposes of the glucose-alanine cycle?

Answer 15

Remove ammonia from muscles for excretion as urea.

Break down proteins to raise blood glucose levels.

Question 16

Briefly describe what the glucose-alanine cycle looks like.

Answer 16

Question 17

What intercostal spaces are V1 –> V6 in?

Answer 17

V1, V2, V3 = 4th intercostal space

(V1 on RHS)

V4, V5, V6 = 5th intercostal space

Question 18

Describe the views of the heart.

Answer 18

Question 19

What’s the alveolar gas equation?

Answer 19

Question 20

What three things shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?

Answer 20

Decrease in CO2 (causes alkalosis) - Bohr shift

Decrease in temp

Decrease in 2-3 DGP

Question 21

What bone is the inner ear located in?

Answer 21

Petrous part of temporal bone

Question 22

Oval window connects what in the ear?

Answer 22

Stapes to scala vestibuli

Question 23

Describe the order of conduction of the fluid in the inner ear.

Answer 23

Oval window –> scala vestibuli –> reissner’s membrane –> scala media –> cilia of organ of corti –> cochlear nerve –> scala tympani (allows scala vestibuli fluid to move)

Question 24

Write out the steps of glycolysis

Answer 24

Question 25

What are the net products of glycolysis?

Answer 25

2ATP 2NADH 2 pyruvate

Question 26

What number steps of glycolysis are ATP used and produced?

Answer 26

ATP used: steps 1 and 3 (2 used) ATP produced: 6 and 9 (4 produced)

Question 27

Draw out the link reaction. What's the enzyme?

Answer 27

pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 28

Write out the Kreb's cycle.

Answer 28

Question 29

What's the net output of one pyruvate molecule in the Kreb's cycle?

Answer 29

◦ 1 ATP ◦ 3 NADH ◦ 1 FADH2 ◦ 2 CO2

Question 30

What's the rate limiting enzyme step for Kreb's cycle?

Answer 30

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 31

How many ATP molecules does one glucose molecule produce roughly?

Answer 31

30-32

Question 32

What are the electron donors / final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Answer 32

NADH and FADH2 donate. Oxygen final electron acceptor.

Question 33

Draw out the HPG axis.

Answer 33

Question 34

Draw out the HPA axis.

Answer 34

Question 35

Draw out the HPS (HPGH) axis.

Answer 35

Question 36

Draw out the HPT axis.

Answer 36

Question 37

Draw out the HPP axis.

Answer 37

Question 38

Draw out a sarcomere.

Answer 38

Question 39

Definition of a motor unit?

Answer 39

Motor unit = single α-motor neuron + all muscles it innervates

Question 40

What do each of the dyes dye?

Answer 40

Question 41

Draw out the menstrual cycle hormones and phases.

Answer 41

Question 42

Draw the brachial plexus.

Answer 42

Question 43

Draw the circle of willis

Answer 43

Question 44

What nerves originate from where?

Answer 44

Question 45

Draw out cellular origin tree of life.

Answer 45

Question 46

Steps of ketogenesis?

Answer 46

* High rates of fatty acid oxidation = lots of acetyl-CoA produced. Exceeds capacity of Kreb's cycle. * **Acetyl-CoA --\> acetoacetyl-CoA** (thiolase) * **acetoacetyl-CoA --\> acetoacetate** * **Acetoacetate --\> b-hydroxybutarate** (b-hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase)

Question 48

Draw out the urea cycle.

Answer 48