Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase 1 flashcards > Last minute memorisation > Flashcards

Last minute memorisation Flashcards

1
Q

Where are vitamins absorbed and what are the exceptions?

A

Mostly in jejnum.

Iron in duodenum.

Bile salts and B12 in terminal ileum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Embryology of pituitary - anterior and posterior?

A

Anterior = oral ectoderm

Posterior = neural ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Two branches of external iliac (which then becomes femoral)?

A

Inferior epigastric arteries

Deep circumflex iliac arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What forms from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm of trilaminar disk?

A

ectoderm = CNS, PNS, skin, hair, nails, eyes

mesoderm = connective tissue, UG system, vessels

endoderm = GI tract, respiratory tract, liver and foregut, thyroid and parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of collagen and where you find them?

A

Type I = skin, bone, tendons, ligaments

Type II = cartilage

Type III = reticular

Type IV = basement membranes

Type V = placenta, hair, nails, cell surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Motor, general sensory and taste of the tongue?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cell locations in the stomach?

A

Cardia = mucous

Fundus/body = parietal + chief

Antrum/pylorus = G cells

D cells everywhere

ECL = gastric pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pathway of vitamin D3 activation?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol –> vitamin D3 in the skin (UV light)

vitamin D3 –> 25-hydroxyvitamin-D in the liver (hydroxylase)

25-hydroxyvitamin-D –> 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D in the kidney (1-α-hydroxylase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What nerves form from the pharyngeal arches?

A

Arches: 1,2,3,4,6

Nerves: V3,7,9,10,10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What forms from the aortic arches?

A

1st arch = maxillary artery

2nd arch = stapedial

3rd arch = common carotid

4th arch = aorta + right subclavian

5th arch = nothing

6th arch = pulmonary arteries + lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which cells in thyroid produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Two actions of thyroid hormones?

A

Increase BMR + increase glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T3 and T4 are fat-soluble. What transports them in the blood?

A

Albumin

Thyronine binding globulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to T4 at the peripheries?

A

T4 deiodinated into T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s the two main purposes of the glucose-alanine cycle?

A

Remove ammonia from muscles for excretion as urea.

Break down proteins to raise blood glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Briefly describe what the glucose-alanine cycle looks like.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What intercostal spaces are V1 –> V6 in?

A

V1, V2, V3 = 4th intercostal space

(V1 on RHS)

V4, V5, V6 = 5th intercostal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the views of the heart.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the alveolar gas equation?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What three things shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left?

A

Decrease in CO2 (causes alkalosis) - Bohr shift

Decrease in temp

Decrease in 2-3 DGP

21
Q

What bone is the inner ear located in?

A

Petrous part of temporal bone

22
Q

Oval window connects what in the ear?

A

Stapes to scala vestibuli

23
Q

Describe the order of conduction of the fluid in the inner ear.

A

Oval window –> scala vestibuli –> reissner’s membrane –> scala media –> cilia of organ of corti –> cochlear nerve –> scala tympani (allows scala vestibuli fluid to move)

24
Q

Write out the steps of glycolysis

A
25
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2ATP

2NADH

2 pyruvate

26
Q

What number steps of glycolysis are ATP used and produced?

A

ATP used: steps 1 and 3 (2 used)

ATP produced: 6 and 9 (4 produced)

27
Q

Draw out the link reaction. What’s the enzyme?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

28
Q

Write out the Kreb’s cycle.

A
29
Q

What’s the net output of one pyruvate molecule in the Kreb’s cycle?

A

◦ 1 ATP
◦ 3 NADH
◦ 1 FADH2
◦ 2 CO2

30
Q

What’s the rate limiting enzyme step for Kreb’s cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

31
Q

How many ATP molecules does one glucose molecule produce roughly?

A

30-32

32
Q

What are the electron donors / final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 donate.

Oxygen final electron acceptor.

33
Q

Draw out the HPG axis.

A
34
Q

Draw out the HPA axis.

A
35
Q

Draw out the HPS (HPGH) axis.

A
36
Q

Draw out the HPT axis.

A
37
Q

Draw out the HPP axis.

A
38
Q

Draw out a sarcomere.

A
39
Q

Definition of a motor unit?

A

Motor unit = single α-motor neuron + all muscles it innervates

40
Q

What do each of the dyes dye?

A
41
Q

Draw out the menstrual cycle hormones and phases.

A
42
Q

Draw the brachial plexus.

A
43
Q

Draw the circle of willis

A
44
Q

What nerves originate from where?

A
45
Q

Draw out cellular origin tree of life.

A
46
Q

Steps of ketogenesis?

A
  • High rates of fatty acid oxidation = lots of acetyl-CoA produced. Exceeds capacity of Kreb’s cycle.
  • Acetyl-CoA –> acetoacetyl-CoA (thiolase)
  • acetoacetyl-CoA –> acetoacetate
  • Acetoacetate –> b-hydroxybutarate (b-hydroxybutarate dehydrogenase)
47
Q
A
48
Q

Draw out the urea cycle.

A

Phase 1 flashcards (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions