Last exam definitions and names for vitamins!!! Flashcards
Antacids
Basic compounds composed of different combinations of acid-neutralizing ionic salts (Al, Ca, Mg, Na)
Bicarbonate
Buffers acidity of hydrochloric acid
Chief cells
Cells in the stomach that secrete the gastric enzyme pepsinogen (a precursor to pepsin)
Gastric glands
Secretory glands in the stomach containing the following cell types: parietal, chief, mucous, endocrine, and enterochromaffin
Gastric hyperacidity
The overproduction of stomach acid
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
An acid secreted by the parietal cells in the lining of the stomach that maintains the environment of the stomach at a pH of 1 to 4
Mucous cells
Cells whose function in the stomach is to secrete mucus that serves as a protective mucous coat against the digestive properties of HCl. Also called surface epithelial cells
Parietal cells
Cells in the stomach that produce and secrete HCl. These cells are the primary site of action for many of the drugs used to treat acid-related disorders
Pepsin
An enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins
Prostaglandins
Prevent histamine from binding to its corresponding parietal cell receptors, inhibiting production of adenylate cyclase
Irritable bowel syndrome
A recurring condition of the intestinal tract characterized by bloating, flatulence, and often periods of diarrhea that alternate with periods of constipation
Chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ)
The area of the brain that is involved in the sensation of nausea and the action of vomiting
Vomiting center
The area of the brain that is involved in stimulating the physiologic events that lead to nausea and vomiting
Beriberi
A disease of the peripheral nerves cause by a dietary deficiency of thiamine (Vitamin B1). Symptoms include fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, edema, heart failure, and disturbed nerve function
Coenzyme
A nonprotein substance that combines with a protein molecule to form an active enzyme
Enzymes
Specialized proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions
Minerals
Inorganic substances that are ingested and attach to enzymes or other organic molecules
Pellagra
A disease resulting from a deficiency of niacin or a metabolic defect that interferes with the conversion of tryptophan to niacin (Vitamin B3)
Rhodopsin
The purple pigment in the rods of the retina, formed by a protein, opsin, and a derivative of retinol (Vitamin A)
Rickets
A condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D
Scurvy
A condition resulting from a deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
Tocopherols
Biologically active chemicals that make up vitamin E compounds
Vitamins
Organic compounds essential in small quantities for normal physiologic and metabolic functioning of the body
vitamin C
ascorbic acid
vitamin D
calcifediol, calcitriol, dihydrotachysterol, ergocalciferol
vitamin B12
cyanocobalamin
vitamin B3
niacin
vitamin B6
pyridoxine
vitamin B2
riboflavin
vitamin B1
thiamine
vitamin A
retinol
vitamin K
phytonadione
Adsorption
involves the chemical binding of substances (ions, toxins) onto the surface of the adsorbent (as opposed to penetration of a substance into the interior structure- absorption)
