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Nursing 2230 > Last 3 Weeks > Flashcards

Last 3 Weeks Flashcards

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1
Q

What is teaching?

A

Interactive process that promotes learning

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2
Q

How many hours would you have to work with a topic to be an expert?

A

10,000 hrs

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3
Q

How can teaching be effective?

A

by including:
- learners needs
- learning style
- learning capacity

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4
Q

What are the different teaching approaches? (6)

A
  • 1:1
  • group
  • analogies
  • role playing
  • simulation
  • evaluation
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5
Q

What does effective teaching depend on?

A

Effective communication

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6
Q

What makes a good teacher? (3)

A
  • listening empathetically
  • observe astutely
  • speak clearly
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7
Q

What is important when we are patient teaching?

A
  • repetition
  • redundancy
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8
Q

What are the different things we need to keep in mind when giving discharge instructions? (4)

A
  • health literacy of pt
  • age of pt
  • illness of pt
  • literacy general
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9
Q

What are the second group of strengths needed to practice SBN?

A

acquisition and use of information from formal sources and from experience

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10
Q

What is Ethical Responsibility in regards to informed consent?

A

Nurses ensure that nursing care is provided with the person’s informed consent

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11
Q

What is a Substitute decision maker?

A

Person who may make a treatment decision for someone who is incapable of making their own decision

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12
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Substitute Decision Makers? (9)

A
  1. Guardian appointed by the court
  2. POA for personal care
  3. Appointed by Consent and Capacity Board
  4. Spouse or partner
  5. Child or parent (>16)
  6. Parent who has right of access
  7. Brother or sister
  8. Any other relative
  9. Public Guardian and Trustee (last resort)
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13
Q

What are the goals of Client Education? (3)

A
  • promotes health and preventing disease
  • restoring health
  • optimizing quality of health when there is impaired functioning
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14
Q

What are the domains of learning?

A
  • cognitive
  • affective
  • psychomotor
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15
Q

What is Cognitive learning domain?

A

Remembering, knowledge, thinking

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16
Q

What is Affective learning domain?

A

Attitudes, feelings and emotions, values

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17
Q

What is Psychomotor learning domain?

A

motor skills ex. throwing a ball

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18
Q

What are the different Learning Principles? (5)

A
  • learning environment
  • ability to learn
  • children vs. adults vs, elderly
  • learning style and preferences
  • motivation to learn
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19
Q

What are the different learning abilities? (4)

A
  • emotional capability = anxiety levels
  • intellectual capability = old age
  • physical capability = old age, arthritis
  • developmental stage = adult, teenager
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20
Q

What are the different Approaches to Teaching? (5)

A
  • telling = useful for limited info
  • selling = coaching ex. dressing change at home
  • Participating = mutually setting goals
  • Entrusting = allow client to engage in selfcare
  • Reinforcing = maintaining that behaviour through postitive feedback
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21
Q

What is different for teaching and the elderly? (6)

A
  • processing speed (slow)
  • sensory = glasses, hearing aids
  • hearing/volume
  • Printed volume = big font
  • Environment
  • don’t elderspeak
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22
Q

What is Self Efficacy?

A

Perceived ability to do something

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23
Q

What are the different types of Motivation and Transtheoretical Model of Change? (5)

A
  • Precontemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
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24
Q

What is Precontemplation?

A

Unaware of the need to change, therefore will not change

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25
Q

What is Contemplation?

A

Aware of the need, with plans to change in the future

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26
Q

What is Preparation?

A

Pre/alter behaviour in minor ways

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27
Q

What is Action?

A

Actually changing

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28
Q

What is Maintenance?

A

Solidifying behaviours

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29
Q

What is an Antibiotic?

A

a compound that inhibits bacterial growth or kills bactera

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30
Q

What is the name for inhibiting bacterial growth?

A

bacteriostatic

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31
Q

What is the name for killing bacteria?

A

bactericidal

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32
Q

When did the modern era of antibiotics start?

A

With the discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928

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33
Q

When were antibiotics first prescribed?

A

1940s

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34
Q

What antibiotic was used in WWII to control bacterial infections amongst soldiers?

A

Penicillin

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35
Q

When did penicillin resistance become a problem?

A

Shortly after WWII and by the 1950s the advances of the prior decade were threatened

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36
Q

What are the causes of the Antibiotic Resistance Crisis?

A
  • Overuse
  • Inappropriate Prescribing
  • Extensive Agricultural Use
  • Availability of Few new antibiotics
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37
Q

What effect does the Extensive Agricultural Use have on antibiotic resistance crisis?

A
  • 80% of abx sold in the US are used in animals
  • abx used in livestock are ingested by humans when they consume food
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38
Q

What effect does the Availability of Few New Antibiotics have on antibiotic resistance crisis?

A

fewer new abx are being produced because development is no longer considered to be an economically wise investments for the pharmaceutical industry

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39
Q

What are some examples of Antibiotic Overuse? (5)

A
  • MRSA
  • Vancomycin Resistance Enterococci (VRE)
  • TB resistance
  • Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)
  • Drug Resistance Gonorrhea
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40
Q

How many infection does CRE cause each year?

A

9,000

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41
Q

What are the common ways of infection?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Blood infections
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Wounds
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42
Q

What are signs and symptoms of Wound infections? (7)

A
  • Odor
  • pain
  • fever
  • Purulent drainage
  • Affected functions
  • C&S
  • CBC
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43
Q

How do we promote healing/fight infection? (6)

A
  • remove offending source
  • monitor vitals
  • antibiotics
  • wound care
  • nutrition
  • rest
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44
Q

What affects wound healing?

A
  • Age
  • Stress
  • Disease process (HIV, autoimmune, diabetes)
  • Medical therapy (meds, chemo)
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45
Q

What are the different types of wounds? (7)

A
  • acute
  • chronic
  • surgical
  • diabetic
  • venous
  • traumatic
  • pressure
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46
Q

What are the different types of wound healing?

A
  • primary
  • secondary
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47
Q

What is the scale used for Pressure Ulcer?

A

Braden Scale

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48
Q

What is important to keep in mind for Pressure Ulcer Prevention? (6)

A
  • Sensory Perception
  • Moisture
  • activity
  • mobility
  • nutrition
  • friction and shear
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49
Q

What is Stage 1 Pressure Ulcer?

A

redness that persists after movement

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50
Q

What is Stage 2 Pressure Ulcer?

A

partial thickness formation, loss of superficial layer of skin

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51
Q

What is Stage 3 Pressure Ulcer?

A

Full thickness formation but not through fascia

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52
Q

What is Stage 4 Pressure Ulcer?

A

Full thickness deeper formation, through fascia

53
Q

What are the different phases of wound healing?

A
  • Inflammatory Phase
  • Proliferative Phase
  • Remodelling
54
Q

What is the Inflammatory Phase?

A
  • reaction to injury
  • need it to heal
55
Q

What is the Proliferative Phase?

A

filling wound with granulation tissue, contraction, resurfacing

56
Q

What is the Remodelling Phase?

A
  • formation of scar
  • can take up to a year or longer, takes a long time
57
Q

Why do we pack a wound?

A

It allows all parts of the wound to have moisture, and conger secondary intention allowing the wound to heal properly

58
Q

What do we do if the wound is dry?

A

add moisture

59
Q

What do we do if the wound is too moist?

A

remove the moisture with a dressing

60
Q

What is Debridement?

A
  • Non vitalized tissue needs to be remove
  • moisture through packing
  • surgery (damage and painful)
  • gels
61
Q

What is the Wet to Dry form of Debridement?

A
  • damp gauze, pull it off when its dry, debriding the wound
  • do not use this as it can cause pain and damage to healthy cells and skin
62
Q

What is Thermal Shock wound care?

A

When we cool the wound down with NS when we change the dressing

63
Q

What is Dehiscence?

A

When the edges of a surgical wound split apart

64
Q

What is Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) wound care?

A

applies suction to the wound so the drainage is removed, not having to change the dressing as often, promotes faster healing

65
Q

What type of solution should we use when cleaning a wound?

A

Non-cytotoxic solution

66
Q

What are some Cytotoxic solutions?

A
  • sodium hypochlorite
  • acetic acid
  • iodine
  • hydrogen peroxide
67
Q

What are some common Vaccines? (5)

A
  • flu
  • Pneumococcal
  • Covid
  • Ebola
  • Pediatric Schedule
68
Q

What are some things we need to considered when providing CCC when is comes to vaccines?

A
  • values
  • parent hesitation to vaccinate child
69
Q

What are the factors affecting bowel elimination? (9)

A
  • age
  • pelvic floor
  • gastrocolic
  • pain
  • activity
  • medications
  • diet
  • fluid
  • accessibility
70
Q

How are infectious diseases diagnosed?

A
  • swabs
  • blood work (C&S, CBC)
  • urine
  • stool
  • sputum
71
Q

How is IBD diagnosed?

A
  • Endoscopy
  • Colonoscopy
  • Radiography
  • MRI
72
Q

How is Diabetes diagnosed?

A
  • fasting glucose test
  • random glucose test
  • A1c test
73
Q

What is Constipation?

A

when waste or stool moves too slowly through the digestive tract or cannot be eliminated effectively from the rectum, which may cause the stool to become hard and dry

74
Q

What is Diarrhea?

A

loose, watery, and possibly more-frequent bowel movements

75
Q

What is Impaction?

A

A mass of dry, hard stool that cannot pass out of the colon or rectum

76
Q

What is Disimpaction?

A

Inserting a gloved finger into the rectum and trying to remove the stool

77
Q

What is the most common cause of Clostridium Difficile (C-Diff)?

A

When you’ve been taking antibiotics or not long after you’ve finished taking antibiotics

78
Q

What is Clostridium Difficile?

A
  • gram positive
  • spore forming
  • anaerobic bacillus
79
Q

What does Clostridium Difficile cause?

A

diarrhea and colitis

80
Q

What are the risk factors of Clostridium Difficile?

A
  • older age (65 and older)
  • Recent stay at a hospital or nursing home
  • a weakened immune system
  • previous infection with C. Diff
81
Q

How is Clostridium Difficile Diagnosed?

A
  • stool tests
  • colon examination
  • imaging tests
82
Q

How is Clostridium Difficile treated?

A
  • Antibiotics: Vancomycin, Fidaxomicin
  • Surgery to remove disease colon
83
Q

How to prevent Clostridium Difficile?

A
  • PPE
  • Abx Stewardship
  • Specimen collection
84
Q

What is Colorectal Cancer?

A

a disease in which cells in the colon or rectum grow out of control

85
Q

What are the risk factors of Colorectal Cancer? (5)

A
  • nutrition
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • body fat
  • medications
86
Q

What are non-modifiable risk factors of Colorectal Cancer?

A
  • family history
  • IBD
  • Height
87
Q

What are the types of surgery for gastric and colon issues?

A
  • total colectomy with ileostomy
  • total colectomy with continent ileostomy
  • total colectomy with ileoanal anastomosis
  • creation of a stoma
88
Q

How often should a stoma bag be emptied?

A

4-6 hours, 1-3 times daily

89
Q

How often should a stoma bag be changed?

A

every 5-7 days

90
Q

What does normal urine look like?

A

transparent yellow

91
Q

What are the normal amount of times to urinate every day?

A

between 6-7 times a day, or 4-10 times a day if youre okay with going that often

92
Q

What is the average amout of urine voided each day?

A

800-2,000 mL a day

93
Q

What are abnormal amounts of times to urinate every day?

A

anything more than 10 times a day

94
Q

What is an abnormal amount of urine voided each day?

A

more than 2.5 Ls a day

95
Q

What is considered of abnormal urine?

A
  • hematuria (blood in the urine)
  • dark brown urine
  • cloudy
96
Q

What is Anuria?

A

Absence of urine

97
Q

What is Polyuria?

A

Urinating large amounts of urine

98
Q

What is Dysuria?

A

Discomfort or burning or pain with urination

99
Q

What is Nocturia?

A

Condition that causes you to wake up during the night to urinate

100
Q

What is Hematuria?

A

blood in the urine

101
Q

What is Pyuria?

A

When there is pus in the urine

102
Q

What is Oliguria?

A

Urinary output less that 400ml per day

103
Q

What is Ketonuria?

A

When there are high levels of ketones in the urine

104
Q

What are other names for Urination?

A
  • micturition
  • voiding
  • uresis
  • emiction
105
Q

Why is the left kidney slightly higher than the right?

A

Liver

106
Q

What causes retention or incontinence?

A
  • urinary tract obstruction
  • Inefficient bladder contraction
107
Q

What are some factors affecting urination? (5)

A
  • medical history (neurogenic)
  • male anatomy
  • medication
  • GI problems
  • mobility/ability
108
Q

What are factors affecting Inconcentince? (4)

A
  • timing
  • fluid intake
  • medications, caffeine
  • Pelvic floor muscle exercises
109
Q

What is some testing that can be done on the urine? (5)

A
  • Urinalysis
  • WBC
  • Bacteria
  • Casts
  • Culture
110
Q

50% of older adults in long term care have what in their urine?

A

Bacteria, but don’t have urinary tract infections

111
Q

What is Gastroparesis?

A

Delay in emptying of the stomach

112
Q

Who is most likely to have diarrhea in comparison to other people?

A

Enteral Feeding

113
Q

What is Norovirus?

A
  • causes nausea and vomiting
  • tends to occur in the winter
  • lasts about 48 hours
114
Q

What does a Cathartic do?

A

Clears the bowels more than a laxative does

115
Q

What are some of the nutritional foods/vitamins that will decrease the risk of Colorectal Cancer? (4)

A
  • Fibre
  • Milk/Calcium
  • Vitamin D
  • Multivitamin
116
Q

What does Ileostomy mean?

A

Creation of a stoma

117
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A

joining of two ends together after you remove the diseased portion

118
Q

Can stool consistency change when there is a stoma created?

A

Yes, depending on where it is and how much of the colon has been removed

119
Q

What is the biggest concern with Stoma care?

A

Peristomal skin breakdown

120
Q

When assessing urinary elimination, what are we looking at? (5)

A
  • Skin: signs of dehydration
  • Kidneys: shape and contour, flank pain
  • Bladder: palpating it
  • Assessing the pelvic floor in both sexes
  • Fluid balance assessment
121
Q

In a female, what do we do to assess pelvic floor weakness?

A

Inserting a digit into the vagina and asking them to bear down

122
Q

In a male, what do we do to assess pelvic floor weakness?

A

Inserting a digit into the rectum and asking them to bear down

123
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

A test used to check how well the kidneys are working

124
Q

What is Hemodialysis? (4)

A
  • dialysis that occurs outside the body
  • 3x per week
  • uses a fistula
  • requires a tube to diffuse water
125
Q

What is Peritoneal Dialysis? (5)

A
  • inside the body
  • done regularly/everyday
  • less strict fluid restrictions because you do it regularly
  • better QOL because it is more gentle
  • not as efficient as hemodialysis
126
Q

What is the S&S Test?

A

Lab test that shows the concentration of all chemical particles in the urine

127
Q

What are the different Catheters?

A
  • Indwelling (foley)
  • In and out/intermittent (way less risk of infection)
  • Condom catheter
  • Continuous bladder irrigation
  • Supra-pubic catheter
128
Q

What is Evisceration?

A

When internals fall out being of failure in the sutures, stitches, or dehiscence

Nursing 2230 (3 decks)

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