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KIN 275 > Last 2 Lectures > Flashcards

Last 2 Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A sources?

A

liver, seafood, egg, margarine, leafy greens, carrots

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2
Q

Vitamin A major functions?

A

Vision, cell function, immune system response, epithelial cell function (i.e., lumen)

Help maintain vision, does not enhance vision.

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3
Q

Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, poor growth

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4
Q

Vitamin A myth?

A

Eating carrots will improve biological vision

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5
Q

Vitamin D sources?

A

sunlight (10-15 minutes), dairy, eggs, meat, liver

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6
Q

Vitamin D major functions?

A

Absorption of calcium and phosphorus; bone and muscle health, NEW research: ANTIOXIDANT

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7
Q

Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets in children (poor growth, mis-shaped/soft bones); bone fragility

As you become older bone gets weaker because calcium leaks out of the bone. (i.e., sask has high rate of osteoporosis because we don’t get as much sunlight during winter.)

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8
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) sources?

A

Vegetable oils, leafy green vegetables, nuts/seeds

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9
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) major functions?

A

Antioxidant, cell membrane function

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10
Q

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) deficiency?

A

impaired RBC’s, nerve damage

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11
Q

Note about Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)?

A

Requires Vit C to maintain antioxidant functioning

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12
Q

Vitamin K sources?

A

Vegetable oils, leafy green vegetables, intestinal bacteria

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13
Q

Vitamin K major function?

A

Blood clotting

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14
Q

Vitamin K deficiency?

A

Hemorrhage (alcohol impairs Vit K function)- can make you bleed profusely!

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15
Q

What size amounts of elements are needed in body?

A

Elements needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance.

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16
Q

Major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts… than…?

A

greater, 100 mg per day

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17
Q

Trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts… than…?

A

less, 100 mg per day

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18
Q

Bioavailability is very important because?

A

influenced by absorption kinetics, other competing substances in GI tract

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19
Q

DRIs for minerals are expressed as?

A

RDAs, EARs, or AI’s

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20
Q

ULs have been established because?

A

certain minerals can be toxic if taken in too high an amount

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21
Q

See CHPT 10 slide 8

A

…

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22
Q

Calcium sources?

A

milk, cheese, and yogurt

Calcium carbonate should be taken with a meal; calcium citrate can be taken at any time.

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23
Q

Calcium major functions?

A

99%of calcium in body found in solid mineral deposits in bones and teeth.

Remaining 1% found in intracellular fluid, blood, and extracellular fluid.

Calcium found in body fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation, and hormone release.

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24
Q

Calcium deficiency?

A

low bone mass, bone fragility

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25
Q

See CHPT 10 slide 11

A

…

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26
Q

Phosphorus sources?

A

meat, dairy, cereals

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27
Q

Phosphorus major functions?

A

main component of bone and teeth, cell membranes, ATP and DNA structure; acid-base balance

60-70% is absorbed from dietary sources

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28
Q

Phosphorus deficiency?

A

rare- bone loss, weakness

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29
Q

Magnesium sources?

A

Leafy greens, whole-grains, nuts/seeds

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30
Q

Magnesium major functions?

A

Bone structure, ATP stabilization, DNA/RNA synthesis; enzyme activity, nerve and muscle function

Co-factor to over 300 enzymes; involved in macronutrient metabolism, metabolism of calcium, sodium, and potassium

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31
Q

Magnesium deficiency?

A

nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle pain

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32
Q

Sulfur sources?

A

Protein-based foods

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33
Q

Sulfur major functions?

A

Component of amino acids, vitamins, acid-base balance

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34
Q

Sulfur deficiency?

A

NA when dietary protein is adequate

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35
Q

Sodium, Potassium and Chloride are?

A

MAJOR MINERALS

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36
Q

Iron sources?

A

Red meats, leafy greens, dried fruit, whole and enriched grains

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37
Q

Iron major functions?

A

Part of hemoglobin, which delivers oxygen to cells; myoglobin, which holds oxygen in muscle; and electron carriers in the electron transport chain; needed for immune function

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38
Q

Iron deficiency?

A

Iron deficiency anemia; fatigue, weakness, small, pale red blood cells, low hemoglobin

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39
Q

Zinc sources?

A

Meat, seafood, whole grains, eggs

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40
Q

Zinc major function?

A

Regulates protein synthesis; functions in growth, development, wound healing, immunity, and antioxidant protection
(SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: SOD)

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41
Q

Zinc deficiency?

A

Poor growth and development, skin rashes, decreased immune function

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42
Q

Copper sources?

A

Organ meats, nuts, seeds, whole grains, seafood, cocoa

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43
Q

Copper major functions?

A

A part of proteins needed for electron transport, lipid metabolism, collagen synthesis, nerve and immune function, and antioxidant protection
(SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE: SOD)

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44
Q

Copper deficiency?

A

Anemia, poor growth, bone abnormalities

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45
Q

Manganese sources?

A

Nuts, legumes, whole grains

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46
Q

Manganese major functions?

A

Functions in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and antioxidant protection

47
Q

Manganese deficiency?

A

Growth retardation

48
Q

Iodine sources?

A

Iodized salt, salt water fish, seafood, dairy products

49
Q

Iodine major functions?

A

Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones

50
Q

Iodine deficiency?

A

Goiter, cretinism, mental retardation, growth and developmental abnormalities

51
Q

Chromium sources?

A

Brewers yeast, nuts, whole grains, mushrooms

52
Q

Chromium major function?

A

Enhances insulin action (can help people with Type II diabetes/pre diabetic)

53
Q

Chromium deficiency?

A

High blood glucose, (also has been shown to impair insulin)

54
Q

Fluoride sources?

A

Fluoridated water, tea, fish, toothpaste

55
Q

Fluoride major functions?

A

Strengthens tooth enamel, enhances remineralization of tooth enamel, reduces acid production by bacteria in the mouth

56
Q

Fluoride deficiency?

A

Increased risk of dental caries

57
Q

Molybdenum sources?

A

Milk, organ meats, grains, legumes

58
Q

Molybdenum major functions?

A

Cofactor for a number of enzymes

59
Q

Molybdenum deficiency?

A

Unknown in humans

60
Q

Selenium sources?

A

Organ meats, seafood, whole-eggs

61
Q

Selenium major functions?

A

Antioxidant, synthesis of thyroid hormones, assists in Vit E
(Glutathione peroxidase)

62
Q

Selenium deficiency?

A

Muscle pain, weakness, Keshan disease

63
Q

What Essential nutrient that must be consumed for survival?

A

Water

64
Q

What percentage of blood is water?

A

90%

65
Q

Blood transports ____ and ____ to cells and removes carbon dioxide and ___ ____.

A

oxygen, nutrients, waste products

66
Q

Water assists in regulating what and how?

A

body temperature by holding onto heat and changing temperature slowly

67
Q

About two-thirds of body water is found in?

A

inside cells (intracellular fluid).

68
Q

Extracellular fluid is found?

A

outside the cells.

69
Q

Interstitial fluid consists of?

A

lymph, blood plasma, and extracellular fluid.

70
Q

Intracellular fluid has the highest concentration of?

A

Protein, extracellular fluid has less, and interstitial fluid has the lowest concentration of protein.

71
Q

Extracellular fluid has the highest concentration of?

A

sodium(+) and chloride(-)

72
Q

Extracellular fluid has a?

A

a lower concentration of potassium(+).

73
Q

Intracellular fluid has the lowest concentration of ____ and the highest concentration of _____?

A

Sodium, potassium

74
Q

What is blood pressure (Hypertension)?

A

The fluid pressure of blood against the blood vessels

75
Q

See last chapter slides 5-7

A

…

76
Q

The kidneys help regulate ___ by?

A

water balance, by adjusting the amount of water lost in the urine in response to the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Kidneys are working to absorb water when dehydrated.

77
Q

The correct combination and amounts of electrolytes are?

A

Essential for life

78
Q

Distribution of electrolytes affects?

A

the distribution of water throughout the body.

79
Q

What are the principle electrolytes in body fluids?

A

Sodium, potassium, and chloride

80
Q

Water Sources?

A

Drinking water, other beverages, and food

81
Q

Water major functions?

A

Solvent, reactant, protector, transporter, regulator of temperature and pH

82
Q

Water deficiency?

A

Thirst, weakness, poor endurance, confusion, disorientation

83
Q

Sodium sources?

A

Table salt, processed foods

84
Q

Sodium major functions?

A

Major positive extracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance

85
Q

Sodium Recommended Intake?

A

1,500 mg/d

86
Q

Sodium deficiency?

A

Muscle cramps

87
Q

Potassium sources?

A

Fresh fruits and vegetables, legumes, whole grains, milk, and meat

88
Q

Potassium Recommended Intake?

A

3,400 mg/d males 2,600 mg/d females

89
Q

Potassium deficiency?

A

Irregular heartbeat, fatigue, muscle cramps

90
Q

Potassium major function?

A

Major positive intracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance

91
Q

Chloride sources?

A

Table salt, processed foods

92
Q

Chloride Recommended Intake?

A

2,300 mg/d

93
Q

Chloride major functions?

A

Major negative extracellular ion, fluid balance

94
Q

Chloride deficiency?

A

Unlikely

95
Q

How much daily energy intake does the sodium-potassium pump use?

A

Uses about 40% of your total daily energy intake.

If you’re active, you burn more mass. (Energy expenditure)

96
Q

What happens during a cramp?

A

Muscle cramping is too much potassium in the muscle, Gatorade can solve this immediately.

97
Q

Describe electrolytes during contraction?

A

Sodium depolarizes the cell when it comes in.

More sodium comes in then potassium leaving so it is a positive charge. (wave of depolarization)

Last chapter slide 12

98
Q

Alcohol is rapidly absorbed by?

A

simple diffusion along the entire GI tract.

99
Q

About what percent of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach

A

20%

100
Q

Absorbed alcohol is rapidly distributed throughout?

A

all body water compartments.

101
Q

How much alcohol is metabolized in the liver?

A

90%

102
Q

How much alcohol is excreted in the urine?

A

5% is excreted into the urine

103
Q

Where is the excess alcohol eliminated?

A

via the lungs

104
Q

Why do females get drunk faster?

A

The female is higher because we have less mass (i.e., more body water to metabolize it)

105
Q

Weight Affecting Blood Alcohol Level?

A

The more people weigh, the more body water they have, so the more dilute the alcohol in their blood is after they consume a given amount.

106
Q

Gender Affecting Blood Alcohol Level?

A

Men have more body water and more stomach alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity and thus have a lower blood alcohol level after consuming a standard amount of alcohol than women of the same size.

107
Q

Food Affecting Blood Alcohol Level?

A

Food in the stomach slows alcohol absorption so the more food people eat before drinking, the lower their blood alcohol level will be.

108
Q

Drinking rate Affecting Blood Alcohol Level?

A

The body metabolizes alcohol slowly. As the number of drinks per hour increases, blood alcohol level steadily rises.

109
Q

Type of drink Affecting Blood Alcohol Level?

A

The amount of alcohol in the drink affects how fast the blood alcohol level rises. When carbonated mixers (such as tonic water or club soda) are used, the body absorbs alcohol more quickly.

110
Q

Alcohol Metabolism Two Primary Pathways?

A

Cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH): for breaking down small amounts of alcohol

Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol

111
Q

Alcohol is also metabolized by?

A

ADH to yield acetaldehyde—a toxic compound.

A little bit is fine, but too much can cause cancer, fatty live disease, sorosis of liver, etc.

112
Q

See last chapter slide 18-23

A

…

113
Q

Alcohol AFTER exercise has what effect on ____ and ____?

A

negative, protein synthesis, and hormonal regulation

114
Q

This effect may be dose-dependent, how many drinks?

A

(>5 drinks)

KIN 275 (3 decks)

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