Lasho Epidemiology SG Flashcards
What is prevalence?
Number of cases of a diseased in a designate population AT A A GIVEN TIME
What type of data can you get prevalence from?
Cross-sectional data
What is incidence?
Incidence is the RATE at which an event occurs. Number of cases of a disease occuring in a population during a given period
What type of data gives you incidence?
Longitudinal data
What are the sensitivity/specificity/PPV/NPV values for the Buchanan article?
Sensitivity: 43%
Specificity: 92%
PPV: 92%
NPV: 96%
What is the goal of epidemiolgical studies?
Determine degree and extent of disease Clarify risk factors Determine tx needs Determine rearch needs Develop methods of control/prevention
What is the Loe and Silness Plaque Index (PlI, NOT PI (which is Russell’s Periodontal Index)
Loe and Silness plaque index looks at AMOUNT of plaque, not extent
0 = no plaque in gingival area 1 = plaque adhering to FGM and adjacent area (uses instrument to evaluate) 2 = moderate accumulation of soft deposits within gingival pocket, gingival margin, and/or adjacent tooth that can be seen w/ the naked eye 3 = abundance of soft matter in gingival pocket, at margin, and on adjacent tooth
Evaluate 4 gingival surfaces per tooth. Mean of 4 scores in the tooth score. Mean of all of the tooth scores is the plaque index
This data is non-parametric
Describe the O’Leary plaque index
Look at all of the teeth
Count the # of surfaces with plaque on teeth (4 for this index, axium uses 6)
Take the number and divide it by the number of surfaces available (# of teeth * 4 or 6)
all plaque gets equal weight. low scores are a patient motivator
What is the modified o leary index?
It counts the # of plaque free surfaces - high number is used as a patient motivator
What is the modified o leary index?
It counts the # of plaque free surfaces - high number is used as a patient motivator
What are the Ramfjord teeth?
3,9,12,19,25,28
Used in the Navy Plaque Index
What is the most common plaque index used in literature and by the World Health Organization?
Turesky- Gilman - Glickman Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index
0 No plaque
1 Separate fleck of plaque at cervical margin
2 Thin, continuous plaque band (up to 1 mm)
3 Plaque band > 1 mm, but less than 1/3 of the surfaces
4 Plaque band >1/3 but less than 2/3rds
5 Plaque band > 2/3rds
What is Loe’s calculus index?
Retention Index
0 no supragingival roiughness
1 supragingival roughness (caries or calculus)
2 subgingival roughness
3 “gross roughness”
What is Loe’s gingival index?
Gingival Index (GI) BOP determined by a probe sweep
0 = normal gigniva, absence of inflammation 1 = no BOP, mild inflammation, slight color change 2 = BOP, moderate inflammation, redness and edema 3 = tendency to spontaneous bleeding, marked redness, edema, and ulceration
- 1 - 1.0 = mild inflammation
- 1- 2.0 = moderate inflammation
- 1 - 3.0 = severe inflammation
What is Caton’s interdental bleeding index?
Site-specific to assess mid-interproximal gingival health
Inserts wooden interproximal cleaner from facial aspect between teeth and depresses papolla 1-2 mm
Inserted 4 times and bleeding within 15 seconds is recorded
% of bleeding sies compared to the total sites evaluated
What is Russell’s periodontal index?
0 = negative for inflammation and loss of fucntion 1 = mild inflammation of the free gingiva, but not circumsctibing tooth 2 = gingivitis - inflammation surrounds the tooth, no break in attachment 6 = gingivitis w/ pocet formation, ep attachment broken. masticatory function is normal 8= advanced destruction w/ loss of masticatory function. mobile, drifed teeth that sound dull to percussion or is depressible in socket
**A VISUAL ASSESSMENT THAT EVALUATES THE TOOTH W/O PROBE OR RADIOGRAPHS
UNDERESTIMATES EARLY DISEASE
Periodontal Disease Index
Ramfjord teeth are assessed for gingival inflammation with probing
Introduced the measurement attachment level to his index
Only probes facial and mesial of the 6 teeth (3,9,12,19,25,28)
0 = no inflammation 1 = mild inflammatory gingival changes, not all around the tooth 2 = moderate gingivitis extending all the way around the tooth 3 = severe gingivitis, marked, redness swelling, bleeding 4 = AL up to but not more than 3 mm apical to CEJ 5 = Attachment level is 4-6 mm apical to CEJ 6 = attachment level is greater than 6 mm apical to CEJ
What is the PSR?
0 = colored area of probe completely visible, preventive care
1 = colored area of probe completely visible but w/ BOP = preventive care, OHI
2 =colored area of probe completely visible, but w/ BOP, calculus, overhang, or poor margins
3 = colored area of probe partially beneath tissue
4 = colored area of probe completely beneath tissue
code * = furcation, obility, recession, mucogingival problems
Results of epidemilogical studies - Marshall Day
Historical study in 1955
Found gingivitis more prevalent in males
High prevalence declines in late teens/early 20s, shrape rise and constant hgh level until older age
Periodontitis is more common in men
Talk about NHANES 3
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Originally done in 1988-1994, then again in 1999
Randomly assigned maxillary and mandibular quadrants. Used only midbuccal and MB sites
Examined BOP, PD, AL, furcation, and recession
1999
Prevalence of periodontitis: 35%
More liekly in men, increases with age, minorities
What was the problem w/ the surveys done after NHNAES 3?
THey had differenct case difintions for perio, they used different popuations, full mouth vs half mouth, etc
What prevalences did Alabander publish in Journal of Perio 2011?
He looked at 454 adults w/ a full mouth peridontl exam. He ten used this data to come up w/ an inflation factor to multiply the NHANES data by
In adults 30 and older he said the prevalence of periodontitis is 48%
mild = 30% moderate = 13% severe = 4.3%
Talk about Eke’s study from 2009 and 2010
Did full mouth exam w/ probing depths and recession AKA attachment loss. Used the CDC-AAP case definitions
total prevalence = 47.2%
mild = 8%
moderate = 30%
severe = 8%
64% of peiole that are 65 years or older have modeate or severe perio
