large definitions Flashcards
Differentiate between little “d” development and big “d” development
“Heinz Arndt helpfully distinguished between two main meanings: development as something
that is done (and therefore involves intention and choice) and development as something that
happens.” “ ‘Development’, which [Hart] characterised as the conscious efforts of development
agencies to intervene and promote positive change, and ‘development’, the wider patterns of
societal change that produces both winners and losers from struggles around power and
resources”
‘big D’ Development defined as a post-second world war project of intervention in the ‘third world’ that emerged in the context of decolonization and the cold war, and ‘little d’ development or the development of capitalism as a geographically uneven, profoundly contradictory set of historical processes.J
World Bank definition of growth
“Growth in an economy is measured by change in the volume of its output or in the real
expenditure or income of its residents.”
What happened at Bretton Woods?
Creation of the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund, and the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (replaced with World Trade Organization (WTO) in
1995)
* There were 44 countries present
* Stronger economic ties=less likelihood of conflict
* Most countries present were “industrialized” countries, which means that decisions were
primarily made by those countries and less industrialized countries did not receive
representation
* Supporting Europe would kick start those economies, as well US saw this aid scheme as
potentially preventing the spread of communism
* The USA claimed their position as economic powerhouse partially by asserting their
ability to provide aid to less industrialized countries
* Marshall Plan launched in 1948-1952, Spent $17 billion in primarily UK, France, Italy
and West Germany
President Truman’s address
The United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific
techniques. The material resources which we can afford to use for assistance of other peoples are
limited. But our imponderable resources in technical knowledge are constantly growing and are
inexhaustible. I believe that we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our
store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life. And,
in cooperation with other nations, we should foster capital investment in areas needing
development. Our aim should be to help the free peoples of the world, through their own efforts,
to produce more food, more clothing, more materials for housing, and more mechanical power to
lighten their burdens. -Harry Truman, January 20th, 1949
- Silent Spring
Book written by Rachel Carson which propelled the environmentalism movement
Collective Action Problem
Multiple individuals benefit from a certain action, but the associated cost of taking action makes
it highly unlikely that any individual can or will undertake and solve the problem alone
Tragedy of the Commons
a situation in which individuals with access to a public resource (also called a common) act in
their own interest and, in doing so, ultimately deplete the resource
Climate mitigation vs adaptation
adaptation can be understood as the process of adjusting to the current and future effects of
climate change. Mitigation means making the impacts of climate change less severe by
preventing or reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.
- Define Urbanization
Urbanization refers to the specific structural conditions generated through efforts to maximize
land value, concentrate economic activities, and accumulate profit through the efficient
interchanges of markets, industries, administrations, and bodies.
Define livelihoods
A Livelihood can be defined as the activities, the assets and the access that jointly determine the
living gained by an individual or household (Ellis 1998).
What factors affect livelihoods?
Livelihoods are determined by several factors which include
* into a predisposed ; a designated system which defines an individual’s livelihood, e.g.
the caste system in India. where a livelihood is determined by the gender of an individual.
* Inherited ; where an individual takes up a livelihood that has been passed on in the
family, for example cultivation, pastoralists, fisherman, shopkeeper, artisanal work, etc.
* Spontaneous ; that are taken up due to desperate situations where what an individual
does is in principle determined by social economic and ecological situation.
* Education and ; where qualifications determine which field of work an individual can
exploit. People move to new areas in search for work and
What are the five assets in a sustainable livelihood?
The five assets in sustainable livelihood are: human capital, physical capital, social capital,
financial capital and natural capital. These assets play an important role in survival strategies
both in rural and urban livelihoods.
Define Food Security
Food Security-Based on the 1996 World Food Summit, food security is defined when all people,
at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food that meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
What is the double burden of disease?
Double burden of disease:
When populations move out of abject poverty and begin to experience the burden of diseases
associated with high-income countries, there is a transitional period where populations
experience the ‘double-burden’ of both infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases
(NCDs). This double-burden of disease puts an enormous strain on health systems in low- and
middle-income countries.
Greed
Poor countries have lots of young (males) ready to fight for a living (Collier and Hoeffler
2004)
o If legal opportunities are scarce and poverty rampant, enlistment in an armed group
may be a viable livelihood (Collier)
o When resources can be easily captured, it encourages political entrepreneurs to fight
for their control
o Appropriable resources allow rebellions to be viable
