Large animal viruses

Question 1

foot and mouth disease:

Answer 1

picornaviridae
fever, depression, hyperemia, vesicles, bullae; erosions, ulcerations; high morbidity and low mortality
zoonotic! humans can get vesicles on hands and mouth

Question 2

Foot and mouth disease

Answer 2

vaccines - 7 serotypes, O is most common worldwide
ban feeding of waste products; restrict importation; it’s a reportable disease!
does not occur in horses

Question 3

vesicular stomatitis

Answer 3

Rhadoviridae, vesiculovirus
New Jersey
Indiana serotypes

Question 4

Most common animal affected by vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 4

horse

Question 5

transmission of Vesicular stomatitis?

Answer 5

sand flies (lutzomyia Shannoni), black flies, windborne, contact, asymptomatic carriers of saliva

Question 6

vesicular stomatitis - lesions

Answer 6

excessive salivation, snout lesions on pig

tongue lesions on horse.

Question 7

vesicular exanthema of swine

Answer 7

eradicated! transmission via uncooked garbage, fish scraps, zoonotic but not huge public threat; repro failures,

Question 8

San Miguel sea lion virus

Answer 8

fur seals, sea lions, with antibodies in whales, fish, swine. vesicular lesions to mouth and flippers

Question 9

swine vesicular disease

Answer 9

picornravirudae, enterovirus
never reported in USA
spread through secretions, pigs can carry it for months
zoonotic potential

Question 10

Jamestown canyon virus

Answer 10

bunyvirus, emerging cause of encephalitis in humans, mosquito transmission; distinguish from vesicular stomatitis. low incidence

Question 11

equine poxvirus

Answer 11

ballooning degeneration; type b inclusion (basophilic) bodies seen in all pox viruses, type A is eosinophilic and not in all pox viruses

Question 12

vaccinia

Answer 12

orthopoxvirus; horse pox/uasin gishu disease/viral papular dermatitis. muzzle, lips, genitals pox

Question 13

molluscipox is called what?

Answer 13

molluschi contagiosi, human to animal transmission (anthropozoonosis); powdery crust, nonpruritic and non painful

Question 14

equine viral arteritis

Answer 14

arteriviridae; horses and ponies (esp standardbred), not found in Ireland nor Japan, venereal transmission mares or stallions; aerosol if close contact, but less common because of foamites. signs: edema of limb, genetalia, periorbital, conjunctivitis, urticaria, abortion If pregnant mares are exposed. chronic carriers have normal sperm quality. reportable, not zoonotic. chronically affected stallions only have virus in semen. vaccinate stallions before breeding season, separate for 3 weeks from seronegative mares after initial vaccine AKA epizootic conjunctivitis

Question 15

equine herpes coital exanthema

Answer 15

equine herpes virus type 3; veneral and insect transmission

-edema, scars, pregnancy rates are not reduced.

Question 16

getah virus

Answer 16

togaviridae, alphavirus
horses and pigs, found in Japan and India; in training facilities prior to starting of vaccines. but returned in 2014 and 2015 in horses who didn’t finish vaccine series. mosquito and aerosol transmission, vertical transmission in pigs

Question 17

African horse sickness

Answer 17

reoviridae, orbivirus
horses, mules, donkeys
viremia lasts 40 days in zebras - reservoir host!
insect transmission
4 forms: subclinical, subacute/cardiac, acute/pulmonary, mixed

Question 18

papillomas In horses

Answer 18

equine viral on muzzle/lips,rapidly grow; spontaneous remission

ear papillomas in all ages and rarely resolve. transmitted by black flies’

genital papillomas in older horses, SCC precursor

Question 19

regulation of viral dan replication due to

Answer 19

early region E1, E2

Question 20

treatments for equine papillomas

Answer 20

podophyllin, imiquimod, bloodroot, autogenous vaccines, cisplatin/IL-2….

Question 21

equine sarcoids

Answer 21

fibroblastic skin tumor, BPV 2, BPV2; appaloosas, quarter horses, insects may play a role

on lip commissures, venture, head, neck, lefgs
-tx: similar to papillomas

Question 22

6 categories of equine sarcoids?

Answer 22

verrucous, fibroplastic, mixed, occult, nodular, malevolent

Question 23

pseudocowpox - AKA…

Answer 23

aka paravaccinia, milker’s nodules, zoonotic! pox lesion with red center, white middle ring, red periphery; can be painful and pruritis

Question 24

pseudocowpox lesions

Answer 24

ring/horsehoe lesion

Question 25

bovine papular stomatitis

Answer 25

paradox virus bovis 1, esp <1 yr old
zoonotic
looks like pseudo cowpox
rattail syndrome in feedlot cattle

Question 26

lumpy skin disease

Answer 26

capripox virus, aka nettling virus
cattle, water buffalo, sheep and goats don’t get it even if nearby. not zoonotic. stomoxys calcitrans arthropod vector; dirt contact, feed, fluids (in semen x 5 mos!)
africa, Middle East and spread to Asia
Bos taurus breeds more susceptible

Question 27

what is vector of lumpy skin disease?

Answer 27

stomyxys calcitrans arthropod

Question 28

which breeds are most susceptible to lumpy skin disease?

Answer 28

bos tarus (channel island)

Question 29

pseudolumpy skin dz differs from lump skin disease by which feature?

Answer 29

slight depression with pseudo, not with lumpy skin

Question 30

herpes mammillitis etiology

Answer 30

bovine herpes virus 2; 1 wk incubation period; rarely involve udder, but affects teats or nursing calves’ mouths; resolve in 1 mo.

Question 31

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Answer 31

bovine herpesvirus-1, esp in beef cattle; aka Red noise aka necrotic rhinitis; latent in neurons, T cells, macrophages
-intranasal vaccine!

shipping fever

Question 32

IBR forms? infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Answer 32

respiratory: fever, mucopurulent dischare, cough, open mouth breathing, ulcerations, necrosis

genital: frequent urination,
ocular, cns, systemic (high mortality in calves)

Question 33

malignant catarrhal fever

Answer 33

endemic in africa, in wildebeast

alcelaphine herpes virus 1; ovine herpses virus 2

• head and eye form (key: corneal opacity) and paracute , death in 7-10 days
• alimentary tract form in DEER; DEATH IN 1-3 DAYS)

transmission via placenta, high mortality, long incubation 3-8 wks

Question 34

reservoir host for MCF?

Answer 34

sheep; reportable!

Question 35

Bovine viral diarrhea

Answer 35

flaviviridae, pestivirus
persistently infected cattle (PI) form with noncytopathic strain;
-2 biotypes: non and cytopathic
-when pregnant cow gets infection from day 0-45, decreased conception rate
day 45-215, death of fetus, congenital abnormality
days 125-175:
__:

Question 36

fatal mucosal disease is seen in which animals?

Answer 36

persistently infected with profuse watery diarrhea, FATAL IN 100%

Question 37

thrombocytopenia/hemorrhagic disease

Answer 37

type II

Question 38

what do you vaccinate for BVD with?

Answer 38

cytopathic strain

Question 39

Cotagious viral pustular dermatitis

Answer 39

aka contagious ecthyma, paradox virus ovis; mainly affects sheep and goats but also cats and dogs

enters through cuts and abrasions of skin

• orf
• zoonitc!

Question 40

contagious ecthyma causes what to the feet?

Answer 40

strawberry foot rot on corsets, resembled mashed up strawberries and can be complicated by dermatohius

Question 41

papillomatous form of contagious ecthyma is seen is who?

Answer 41

-papillomatous form in rams

Question 42

t/f: ethanol is effective at disinfection/preventing contagious ecthyma

Answer 42

F - ineffective ise quaternary ammonia or bleach

Question 43

capripox virus

Answer 43

sheep pox, goat pox
contagious but not zoonotic. endemic in north and central Africa. ddx: contagious ecthyma.

stable fly can transmit but not important transmission source (stomyxys calcirans

Question 44

incubation period of capripox virus

Answer 44

1-2 wks

Question 45

tuppurainen et al.

Answer 45

conflict in syria and iraq –> collapsed veterinary care, capropox virus diseases are being spread

Question 46

capropox virus mortality is high in who?

Answer 46

young, imported animals

reportable In USA

Question 47

bluetongune

Answer 47

reoviridae, orbivirus, can affect white-tailed deer with high mortality. cattle and goats get inapparent infections transmitted by culicoides, replication takes 1 wk in salivary glands

Question 48

strains of vector that transmits blue tongue?

Answer 48

-C. sonorensis, C. insignis

culicoides

Question 49

signs of blue tongue?

Answer 49

anagen deflexion wool break, cyanotic tongue, congestion of mouth, nares, coronary bands; oral ulcers
facial edema, edema of coronets, feet

Question 50

swinepox

Answer 50

suipoxvirus; vector: haematopinus suis in young pigs

Question 51

name for hog louse?

Answer 51

haematopinus suis

Question 52

hog louse affects old or young pigs?

Answer 52

young; reported in all continents

Question 53

swine pox is zoonotic or not?

Answer 53

no - only affects swine

Question 54

dermatitis and mephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

Answer 54

possible viral etiologies:

• porcine circovirus type 2;
• ALSO caused by PRRS/arterivirus - reportable!

affects weaning, growing pigs

primary lesion: systemic necrotizing vasculitis

Question 55

PDNS clinical signs

Answer 55

red/purple macules to papules, coalescing to large irregular patches
-can revere if only skin lesions

-if fatal glomerulopehritis, can see azotemia, immune complex disorder (type 3 hypersensitivity)

Question 56

cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy

Answer 56

greyhounds have ulcers on tarsus, stifle, limited to skin and kidney, may represent a similar disease to PDNS (here, vascular lesions lack inflammation and not immune complex)

Question 57

*know to recognize these as differentials, the major ones that you may see in the USA; recognize the pictures

Answer 57

Milley suggests memory palaces