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Large Animal Urinary Tract Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Which LA is urolithiasis most common in and why?

A

Pet sheep/goats

Being fed inappropriate diet too high in conc/too low in roughage

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2
Q

Where do uroliths most commonly occur in the LA male?

A 
Sigmoid flexure
Urethral process (sheep)
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3
Q

What are the predisposing factors to developing uroliths in the LA?

A

Castrated male
Inappropriate diet
Dehydration
UTI

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4
Q

What kind of LA diets predispose to urolithiasis?

A

High conc/low roughage
High Ph/low Ca
High Mg
Alkaline urine

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5
Q

How does low roughage diet contribute to the development of uroliths in LA?

A

Low roughage > less chewing > less saliva produced > Phosphate not used in saliva and remains in the system > more excreted in urine > urolith formation

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6
Q

What types of uroliths occur in LAs? Which is the most damaging?

A

Ca apatite, carbonate
Ca phosphate, struvite
Silicate
Oxalate - less smooth, more damaging

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7
Q

What are the early clinical signs of urolithiasis in LAs?

A

Haematuria, dysuria, crystals on prepuce
Dribbling urine
Tail flagging, colic/abdo pain

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8
Q

What are the later clinical signs of urolithiasis in LAs?

A

Anorexia, depression
Preputial swelling
Abdo distension
Recumbent, seizure, death

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9
Q

How is urolithiasis diagnosed in the LA?

A

Hx and clinical signs
Azotaemia, hyperK, hypoN, acidosis
US
Radiographs

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10
Q

What are the possible complications of urolithiasis of LAs?

A

Bladder rupture
Urethral rupture
Hydronephrosis

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of bladder rupture in LAs?

A

Pain > comfort > sick

Abdo distension, uroperitoneum

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12
Q

How is urolithiasis medically managed in the LA?

A

Increased dietary Ca:P ratio

Acidify urine

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13
Q

How is urolithiasis surgically managed in LAs?

A

Urethral process amputation
Perineal urethrostomy
Tube cystotomy

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14
Q

Outline a perineal urethrostomy used to manage urolithiasis. Why is this method unpopular in the pet LA?

A

Urethra is pulled out, dissected proximal to sigmoid flexure and stitched to perineum. Doesn’t look visually pleasing

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15
Q

Which species is amyloidosis common in? What is it associated with and how is it treated?

A

Cattle, associated with chronic sepsis. No tx -> cull

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16
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of amyloidosis…

A

Chronic sepsis > inflam increased serum amyloid A production > glomerulopathy > PLN

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of amyloidosis?

A

Metritis, mastitis, pneumonia, pericarditis -> Chronic sepsis
Oedema
Weight loss
Chronic D

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18
Q

What are the diagnostic signs of amyloidosis?

A

Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminaemia, azotaemia
Reaised serum fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and globulins

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19
Q

What causes enzootic haematuria in LAs? Outline the pathogenesis…

A

Chronic ingestion of bracken
Bracken contains ptaquiloside carcinogen > DNA alkylating agent > interferes with DNA replication > bladder wall neoplasia

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of haematuria? What are the DDx?

A

Haemorrhagic cystitis
Haematuria
Anaemia
Haemoglobinuria

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21
Q

What is the scientific name for pizzle rot? Which species does it affect? What pathogen is responsible?

A

Ulceratice posthitis/vulvitis
Sheeps/goats
Corynebacterium renale

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of pizzle rot?

A

Pain
Loss of BCS
Decreased fertility

23
Q

How is pizzle rot treated?

A

Penicillin
NSAIDs
Reduce dietary protein

24
Q

Which species suffer from pyelonephritis? What is the most common cause? What are the predisposing factors?

A 
Sheep, cattle and horses
Ascending infection
Post-parturition
Post service/covering
Metritis 
Urolithiasis
25
What are the clinical signs of acute pyelonephritis?
Pyrexia, anorexia, depression Decreased milk yield Stranguria, polyuria, haematuria, pyuria
26
What are the clinical signs of chronic pyelonephritis?
``` Weight loss Decrease milk yield D+ Polyuria Anaemia Colic Non-specific signs! ```
27
Which bacteria are responsible for pyelonephritis?
``` G-ve Coliforms Proteus Klebsiella Enterobacter ``` G+ve Arcanobacterium pyogenes Corynebacterium renale
28
How is pyelonephritis treated?
Oxytetracycline or pen and aminoglycosides for 14-21 days
29
How can umbilical infections come about in LAs? What parts of the umbilicus tend to get infected?
Umbilicus acts as a portal of entry. Infection localises at umbilicus following haematogenous spread Arteries and urachus
30
What bacteria can cause umbilical infections? What does this mean about choosing an AB?
``` E. coli Actinobacillus equuli Klebsiella spp. Pseudomonas spp. Bacillus spp. S. aureus Strep spp. Enterococcus spp. Clostridum spp. ``` 1st line AB needs to have broad spectrum!
31
What are the clinical signs of umbilical infection?
Pyrexia, malaise, lethargy Heat, pain, swelling or discharge from umbilicus Signs of sepsis - swollen/painful joints, petechiae
32
What are signs of umbilical infection on US?
Enlarged umbilical arteries >1cm | Hypoechoic material +/- gas in umbilical structures (mottled appearance)
33
How can umbilical infection be treated?
Surgical resection | Broad spec ABs and US monitoring
34
Outline the possible AB choice for umbilical infections and rationale for using them...
Penicillins+aminoglycosides or 1st/2nd gen cephalosporins - combo provides broad spectrum, not encouraging of resistance TMS - cheap but ineffective against pus Ceftiofur (3rd gen cephalosporin) - effective but critical ab
35
How do the clinical signs of umbilical hernia differ from infection? How are small and large hernias treated? When can they be dangerous?
No pain, heat or discharge from umbilicus and animal clinically well Small - resolve over 2m Large - surgery Dangerous if strangulating!
36
Define patent and persistent urachus
Patent - has closed then reopened due to infection, prolonged recumbency Persistent - open since birth, needs cautery/surgical resection
37
What is the most common cause of renal failure in horses?
Secondary to hypovolaemia | pre-renal
38
What can cause primary renal failure in horses?
``` Congenital Interstital nephritis Glomerulonephritis Pyelonephritis Amyloidosis Neoplasia ```
39
What are the clinical signs of renal failure in horses? When do clinical signs occur?
``` Depression, anorexia, weight loss PUPD Oedema and D+ Pyrexia, colic Encephalopathy Oral mucosal ulceration Excessive tooth tarttar ``` Occurs when >70% nephrons loss
40
What are signs of renal failure in horses on UA>?
``` Proteinuria Casta WBCs, bacteria Haematuria Isothernuria (1.008-1.014) High urine GGT ```
41
What are signs of renal failure in horses on serum biochemistry?
``` Azotaemia HyperK HypoN HyperCa HypoP ```
42
How is acute renal failure in horses treated?
Restore vol - 0.9% saline @ 40-80ml/kg/d Diuresis - 20% mannitol and furosemide IV
43
How is chronic renal failure in horses treated?
Supportive treatment Ablib salt and water High quality diet
44
Distended abdomen in foals - DDx?
Ruptured bladder
45
When does ruptured bladder tend to occur in foals? Why should it be a DDx in foals <2m?
During or soon after birth | Can have normal urination and then occur secondary to infection
46
What are the clinical signs of a ruptured bladder in foals?
``` Within 2-3d of life Dysuria Progressive depression Progressive abdo distension Ventral and prepuital oedema ```
47
Where in the UT can rupture secondary to infection in foals? Why is it easily missed?
Urachus Bladder Ureters Deteriorating clinical signs can be attributed to infection
48
How is bladder rupture in foals diagnosed?
Peritoneal fluid:serum creatinine ratio >2:1 | US
49
What complication can be caused by bladder rupture in foals?
``` Azotaemia HyperK HypoNa Metabolic acidosis Resp acidosis ```
50
How are ruptured bladders in foals treated? What is the prognosis?
Stabilise - NaCl/Hartmanns IVFT, peritoneal drainage/lavage, dextrose and insulin, O2 Surgery >80% surgeries succesful

Renal (12 decks)

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