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Large Animal Surgery > Large Animal Surgery Exam II > Flashcards

Large Animal Surgery Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Leaving as much bone as possible during digit amputation in cattle provides

A

Soft tissue support

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2
Q

Penile Anesthesia

A

Pudendal nerve block Dorsal penile nerve block Local infiltration

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3
Q

In choke in cattle if loss of saliva

A

Metabolic acidosis

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4
Q

Iris adheres to lens

A

Posterior synechiae

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5
Q
A

Ligating Dividing stapler (LDS)

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6
Q

Treatment of apical sesamoid fractures

A

If proximal up to 1/3 arthroscopic removal. Internal fixation if larger

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7
Q

Initial treatment of choke in cattle

A

Decompress rumen (Red Devil Trocar) Hold off feed and water until resolved

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8
Q

What the what is this?

A

Power Dehorner

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9
Q

Dehorning method used in younger calves with no sinus opening. Dehorner must fit around horn button. Heat until copper

A

Thermal (Cautery) dehorning

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10
Q

Treatment for spavin. Destroys cartilage by superheating and vaporizing synovial fluid. Less pain post op. Has less fusion of the distal tarsal joints

A

Laser facilitated ankylosis

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11
Q

Rear leg local block in cattle. Extend needle straight through extensor tendon to bone and will block.

A

Deep peroneal nerve

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12
Q

Success rate for forelimb pastern arthrodesis

A

81%

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13
Q

Superior to wire fixation for midbody sesamoid fracture repair

A

Screw fixation with arthroscopic guidance

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14
Q

DJD of distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal joints. Predisposes to osteoarthritis

A

Bone spavin

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15
Q

Argument for older castration

A

Better growth, claim that Callicrate is humane.

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16
Q

Most common fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones

A

Apical fractures

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17
Q
A

End End Anastomosis (EEA)

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18
Q
A

Lichty Teat Knife

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19
Q

Hypopyon

A

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye

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20
Q

A small osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MTIII

A

Grade II Bone Spavin

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21
Q

Esophageal procedure done standing, lateral/ventrolateral approach. 2 layers incision- muscular and mucosa/submucosa. PDS to close bury in lumen.

A

Cervical esophagotomy with Primary repaie

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22
Q

Surgical treatment for rectal tears. Anesthetized horse in dorsal recumbencyI. Lubricated ring passed and placed with circumferential sutures.

A

Indwelling liner

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23
Q

When placing internal fixation on splint bone fracture

A

Do not engage MCIII, will persist lameness. Must remove plate 3-4 months post op if it is engaged

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24
Q

When applying a block to cattle

A

Make block flush with wall, extend to the heal, and block before blood.

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25
Q

How long can tourniquet be left on for local anesthesia of limb

A

2 hours.

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26
Q

Initial treatment for rectal tears

A

Antibiotics, Flunixin, intravenous fluids, reduction of rectal motility, epidural anesthesia, packing of rectum

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27
Q

Fibrous mass between digits due to chronic irritation in cattle. Becomes ulcerated and painful. Males are more common

A

Interdigital hyperplasia. (Corns)

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28
Q

75% of proximal phalanx fractures are

A

in the forelimb

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29
Q

Inability to extend penis

A

Phimosis

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30
Q

Three places to get pulse on horse

A

Facial artery, transverse facial, and dorsal metatarsal artery (runs between MT and splint)

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31
Q

Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB doesnt penetrate thoracic cavity or involve the right side of reticulum

A

Good

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32
Q
A

Newberry knife

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33
Q

Amputation of rear lateral digit

A

Increases stress on the medial digit. Opposite for the forelimb

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34
Q

Rear leg local block in cattle. Several branches between extensions and skin. 1-inch SC block over extensor tendon will block this nerve

A

Superficial peroneal nerve

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35
Q
A

Callicrate band

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36
Q

Cattle with traumatic reticulopericarditis usually die of

A

Constrictive pericarditis

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37
Q

Diagnostic tool that is sensitive but non specific. Details cortical bone disease and stress fractures

A

Nuclear Scintigraphy

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38
Q

Causes of preputial orfice ulcer

A

Hair clipped to short Urine accumulates Urease producing organism produce ammonia Ulceration, secondary infection

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39
Q

Surgical repair for rectal tear. Fresh, clean lesion close to anus. Epidural used. Stay sutures in the anus. Suture with TA90 or blindly

A

Direct suture repair

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40
Q

What technique is this for pastern arthrodesis

A

Diverging double plate technique

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41
Q

Grade IIIb rectal tear involves

A

Mesorectum and retroperitoneal tissue

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42
Q

Causes mild to severe lameness in cattle.

A

Toe lesions

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43
Q

Causes of splint bone fractures

A

Hyperextension of fetlock (closed) and external trauma (open)

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44
Q

Treatment of deep digital sepsis in cattle

A

Drill away area or remove digit above P3. Can use abaxial approach as well.

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45
Q

Bone spavin is common in

A

Western performance horses

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46
Q

Inability to retract penis

A

Paraphimosis

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47
Q

Conformation with bone spavin

A

Sickle hocked

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48
Q

Causes of bone spavin

A

Chronic repetitive compression, torsion, or shear strains

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49
Q

Treatment for bone spavin. Drill out using drill bit or laser. Or use 70% ethanol.

A

Ankylosis of TMT and DIT joints

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50
Q

Digit amputation in cattle can be used to treat

A

Injury or sepsis distal to P1

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51
Q

Provides tensile strength for closure of esophageal surgery

A

Mucosa/submucosa

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52
Q

Most rectal tears are located

A

Dorsally and longitudinally, 5-55 cm from anus.

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53
Q

Common cause of hind limb lameness

A

Bone spavin

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54
Q

Treatment for Grade I and II rectal tears

A

Antibiotics and Flunixin sufficient for Grade I Soften feces

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55
Q

A large osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MT III bone

A

Grade IV Bone Spavin

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56
Q

Anesthesia in dehorning

A

2% Lidocaine- reduces stress associated Flunixin Meglumine Meloxicam- Once, meat withholding time

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57
Q

Grade IV rectal tears involves

A

All layers into abdomen, may be associated with prolapse of small colon or small intestine throughout defect

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58
Q

What is this. Used to hook rumen and allows exteriorization of rumen for incision during rumenotomy

A

Rumen Board

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59
Q

Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB penetrates diaphragm

A

Poor

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60
Q

Differential diagnosis for right sided heart failure in cattle

A

Traumatic reticulopericarditis Endocarditis Lymphosarcoma Mediastinal mass

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61
Q

Surgical treatment for rectal prolapse. Reduced risk of stricture incision. Preserves inner mucosa and submucosa. Creates plane toward caudal aspect of prolapse.

A

Stair Step Amputation

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62
Q

When performing surgery on trachea in cattle

A

Oval skin incision. Sharp excision of circoid and 3 rings.

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63
Q

V

A

Sagittal (Axial)

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64
Q

Cause of fracture to the first phalanx

A

Torsion with axial weightbearing

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65
Q

Type IV rectal prolapse

A

Rectum/colon intussusception through anus

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66
Q
A

Hugs teat tumor extractor

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67
Q

Treatment for sandcrack in cattle

A

Debridement of the crack. Wire pulling crack together

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68
Q

Treatment for arytenoid chondritis in cattle

A

Medical management, sodium iodide

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69
Q

Artificial insemination bulls. Typically occurs after return from Lay off period. Possibly related to atrophy of lamina interna of prepuce

A

Preputial Avulsion (Penile Laceration)

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70
Q

Sinusitis treatment cattle

A

Open drainage and lavage. Trephine holes in sinus. Lavage with large volumes

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71
Q
A

Gastro intestinal anastamosis (GIA)

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72
Q

When placing screws for P1 fracture repair

A

Most proximal screw within 5 mm of sagittal groove to align the articular surface

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73
Q

When to disbud buck kids

A

3-5 days

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74
Q

How to extend penis in adult bulls

A

Sedation: Xylazine, Acepromazine Pudendal Nerve Block

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75
Q

Congenital or acquired in cattle. Poison hemlock and Nicotiana spp. Can cause. Results in regurgitation of milk.

A

Cleft Palate

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76
Q

Best time to castrate bulls

A

1-3 months of age. Welfare considerations. With growth implants animals grow as well as intact bulls

77
Q

Up to ____ return to soundness after surgical ankylosis for treatment of spavin

A

85% Usually takes 7.5 months

78
Q

IV

79
Q

Indications for pastern arthrodesis

A

High ring bone Pastern luxation Fracture second phalanx Septic arthritis of the pastern

80
Q

Facilitated alkylosis in cattle recommended for

A

Heavy animals, Hind lateral digit sepsis, front medial sepsis

81
Q

When to disbud Doe kids

82
Q

Type of rectal prolapse that requires celiotomy and possible resection for treatment

83
Q

Causes sinusitis unrelated to dehorning

A

Pasteurella multocida

84
Q

After P1 fracture cast the limb for

A

2-6 weeks. Prognosis dependent of resultant fetlock and pastern DJD

85
Q

Contributes to complications post op with esophageal surgery

A

Lack of serosa

86
Q

Fracture that involves origin of all distal sesamoidean ligaments. Poor prognosis, lag screw fixation is challenging.

A

Basilar sesamoid fracture

87
Q

Structures involved in septic DIJ in cattle

A

P3, P2, Navicular busra/bone, DDFT/sheath, PIJ

88
Q

When placing plate for pastern arthrodesis

A

Osteostixis in subchondral bone. 2.5mm drill bit. Extend foot and 3 hold plate placed on dorsal surface, 2 holes in P1 and 1 hole in P2. Place 2 screws.

89
Q

What is this conformation

A

Cow hocked

90
Q

III

91
Q

Requires internal fixation repair. Use lag screw and circumferential cerclage wire.

A

Midbody sesamoid fracture

92
Q

Main principles of PIP arthrodesis

A

Removal of all articular cartilage Maintenance of rigid stability in the joint

93
Q

Correction for penile avulsion

A

Prompt surgery is best option. Conservative treatment has more complications

94
Q

Why choose surgical ankylosis

A

Value of animal, weight of animal, digit affected, longer production potential

95
Q

Type I rectal prolapse

A

Only mucosa projects through anus

96
Q
A

Cornell Teat curette

97
Q

Iris adheres to cornea

A

Anterior synechiae

98
Q
A

Ferris Smith Ronguers. Used in arthroscopy

99
Q

Digit amputation in cattle used for non infectious disease

A

Closed technique

100
Q

How to close esophagotomy in cattle

A

If healthy- close If compromised- 2nd intention and daily wound care. No food 24-48hr after may need rumen fistula.

101
Q

Septic arthritis of DIJ in cattle usually presents in

102
Q

What is this

A

Trephine for sinus lavage

103
Q

Success rate for Hindlimb pastern arthrodesis

104
Q

Padding under tourniquet during local IV anesthesia of limb prevents

A

Neuropraxia

105
Q

Closure of rumenotomy

A

2 layer inverting closure. Change gloves and instruments.

106
Q

Immediate relief of chronic bloat (type I vagal indigestion). Provides direct feeding into the rumen, reversible

A

Temporary rumen fistula

107
Q

Surgical technique for pastern arthrodesis

A

Transarticular lag screws and Dorsal plate

108
Q

Layers of esophagus

A

Adventitial layer Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa NO serosa

109
Q

How to distinguish erection failure from ventral deviation

A

Contrast cavernosography

110
Q

Grade II rectal tear includes

A

Muscular layer, mucosa and submucosa may prolapse into defect and provide site for fecal impaction

111
Q

Sole abscess treatment in cattle

A

Block “good” digit Dish sole to redistribute weight Trim affected claw to size Debridement- remove all detached sole (Corium must be flush with sole)

112
Q

Uvea includes

A

Iris, ciliary body, choroid

113
Q

Rectal tears are most common in

114
Q

Surgery to remove vitreous humor of eye. Treatment for recurrent uveitis

A

Vitrectomy

115
Q

Treatment for spavin. Decreases rotational and shearing forces. Excellent outcome

A

Cunean Tenectomy

116
Q

Stress fracture. Usually in 3 year olds. Fissure extends through 60% of dorsal cortex at 30d angle proximally.

A

Bucked shins/Dorsal cortical fractures. If curves back (Saucer fracture)

117
Q

Arteries involved in dehorning

A

Cornual artery Branch of superficial temporal artery Dorsal and ventral corneal artery

118
Q

Uveitis

A

Inflammation of entire vascular tunic

119
Q

Prevelant world wide. 12% of all horses, Common in Appaloosas. Could be bacteria (lepto), Virus, or parasitic (onchocerca). Pain and photophobia. Symptoms include conjunctivitis, hypopyon, miosis

A

Equine recurrent uveitis

120
Q

When removing residual distal splint bone

A

Do not remove more than distal 2/3 of the splint bone. If you do, will need internal fixation proximal to fragment.

121
Q

Disadvantages of digit amputation in cattle

A

Expected production life decreased. Poor response in heavier animals. Poor cosmetic result. Average survival post amputation is 2 years

122
Q

A medium osteophyte distomedial central tarsal bone

A

Grade III Bone Spavin

123
Q

When placing TA screws for pastern arthrodesis

A

Enter joint 1/2 way between dorsal and palmar cortices. Drill glide hole in P1 with 5.5 mm bit. P2 with 4.0 mm bit. Tap.

124
Q

Approach for surgical pastern arthrodesis

A

Inverted T incision. Dissect through SC to CDE tendon, elevate skin triangles and retract. Transect CDE with V incision. Remove bony proliferation on dorsal surface

125
Q

Iatrogenic rectal tears in horses occur most often from

A

Straining against operators hand and arm during exam

126
Q

Suspensory desmitis may cause

A

Persistent lameness

127
Q

Signs of traumatic reticulopericarditis

A

Tachycardia with muffled heart sounds (washing machine murmur) GI Issues (7 days, febrile pain) Right side heart failure

128
Q

In show rams that are overweight. Resist conservative treatment and require surgical excision

A

Decubital ulcer in Rams

129
Q

How to cosmetic dehorn

A

Elliptical incision, elevate skin, Ob wire removes horn, control hemorrhage, lavage and close

130
Q

Solar surfaces faces axially and weight bearing on axial wall in cattle. Conformation defect, mostly rear leg lateral claw. Linked to laminitis

A

Corkscrew claw

131
Q

Treatment for lumpy jaw in cattle

A

Surgical resection. Long term PPG, Tetracyclines, Iodides and antibiotic beads.

132
Q

Technique for digit amputation in cattle. No skin flap used

A

Open technique

133
Q

I

134
Q

Anesthesia for dehorning in goats

A

Cornual branch- infratrochlear SC over orbit And lacrimal 1/2 between eye and horn Use sterile water in lidocaine to avoid toxicity

135
Q
A

TA (Thoracoabdominal)

136
Q

Used in local IV anesthesia of limbs

A

Esmarch tourniquet

137
Q

What does blocking a claw do in cattle

A

Reduces weight bearing on abnormal claw, only apply to healthy trimmed claw with flat sole and clean wall. Retain block for 4-6 weeks. Oak is best, pine last less than 2 weeks. Plastic must be removed and can cause extended wear

138
Q

In choke in cattle if cant eructate

139
Q

Sinus most likely to have issues after dehorning

A

Frontal. Extends into horn at 4-6 months old

140
Q

Surgical repair for rectal tear. Preferred over end-colostomy. Indicated if tear greater than 25% diameter or >50cm from anus. Use low left flank. Cradle as post care.

A

Loop Colostomy

141
Q
A

Aligator forceps

142
Q

Surgical correction for minor constriction in penis/ cicatrix

A

Longitudinal incision, suture transversely

143
Q
A

Spiral Teat curette

144
Q

II

145
Q

If tissue compromised, perform esophagostomy. Do this

A

Place NG tube, secure and leave for 7-10 days until stoma formation. Allow to heal by 2nd intention

146
Q

Digit amputation in cattle is less successful on the

A

Medial digit of the thoracic limb and lateral digit of pelvic limb. Also less success with higher body weight

147
Q

Closed technique for digit amputation in cattle. Use gigli wire suture in place. Place bandage before removing tourniquet

A

Skin flap technique

148
Q

Spavin test in lameness evaluation

A

Proximal limb flexion for 90 sec

149
Q

Surgical repair for rectal tear. Protects tear and allows to heal spontaneously. May use suture. Make liner by gluing palpation sleeve or similar to rectal prolapse ring, perform caudal midline celiotomy. Secure liner oral to tear

A

Temporary indwelling rectal liner

150
Q

Damage to periople. Most common in beef and front lateral claw, in cows that are older with high body condition. Can become infected and have granulation tissue

A

Sandcrack (Vertical Fissure)

151
Q

Causes of septic arthritis in cattle

A

Pododermatitis, White line disease, Periarticular wound, interdigital wound, interdigital necrobacillosis

152
Q

Occurs in young horses, Usually MC III. Caused by direct trauma, ligamentous inflammation. Lame initially with firm swelling. Treat with rest and NSAIDS or en bloc removal and excellent bandaging post op

A

Splint exostosis

153
Q

A very small osteophyte distolateral central tarsal bone

A

Grade I Bone Spavin

154
Q
A

Egress canula. Used in arthroscopy

155
Q

Causes Lumpy Jaw. Gram + filamentous bacteria that produces sulphur granules

A

Actinomyces bovis

156
Q

Treatment for Grade III rectal tear

A

Frequent manual removal of feces. Peritoneal lavage

157
Q

Indications for rumenotomy

A

Chronic bloat, FB, Reticular abscess, Type II vagal indigestion (failure of omasal transport)

158
Q

Prognosis for rumenotomy if FB involves right side of the reticulum

159
Q

Type II rectal prolapse

A

Prolapse of all layers of rectum

160
Q

What is this conformation

A

Camped under

161
Q

Can be as good as arthroscopy for detecting subchondral lesions. Sensitive and specific for exam of soft and hard tissues in joints

162
Q

Salvage procedure. Used to repair complete rupture of SDF, DDF, and Suspensory ligaments, septic arthritis.

A

Fetlock Arthrodesis

163
Q
A

Verres Neddle for Laproscopy

164
Q

Mechanism of an erection

A

Vascular dilation Muscle contraction (Bulbospongiosus and Ischiocavernosus) Deep artery of penis

165
Q

Splint bone fractures may be treated with

A

Rest alone.

166
Q

Type III rectal prolpase

A

Small colon intussuscepts into rectum

167
Q

When dehorning must include

A

1cm ring of haired skin

168
Q

Used in calves <8 weeks old.

A

Tube Gouge dehorner

169
Q

Treatment for corns in cattle

A

Tilt table, sedate, Local block Treat underlying cause if infected. 2nd intention healing. Consider wiring closed. Prevent with improved hygiene and hoof trimming

170
Q

How to extend penis in young bulls

171
Q

Grade IIIa rectal tear involves

A

All layers except serosa

172
Q

Used for disbudding

A

Scoop Dehorner

173
Q

Has minimal articulation and weight transfer with 4th tarsal bone

174
Q

Nerves involved in dehorning

A

Cornual nerve Branch of zygomaticotemporal nerve

175
Q

VI

A

Comminuted

176
Q

Caused sinusitis related to dehorning

A

Trueperella pyogenes

177
Q

Done with a medial approach distal to cunean tendon. Treatment for spavin. Use 3.2mm then 4.5 mm drill bit. Create 3 drill tracts at 30d diverging angles

A

Transarticular drilling

178
Q

Surgery for septic arthritis in cattle. Longer surgery, technically demanding, slow to return to production. Use trephine to create arthrotomy, culture and remove bone and cartilage, lavage, bandage

A

Facilitated Alkylosis

179
Q

Dehorning method used in younger calves, no sinus opening. Caustic paste is used 3-7 days

A

Chemical dehorning

180
Q

Complications with using an elastrator for castration

A

Discomfort and tetanus

181
Q

Preparation for rumenotomy

A

Off feed 24-36 hours, Single dose pre-op antibiotics, Left flank approach, Clean contaminated procedure.

182
Q

Used to dehorn large horns. Not used often

A

Keystone Dehorner

183
Q

How to treat corkscrew claw in cattle

A

Hoof trimming. Slope sole

184
Q

Closed system of corpus cavernosum in penis. Extremely high blood pressure

A

Deep artery of the penis

185
Q

Used to remove fluid during rumenotomy

A

Kingman tube. Uses gravity

186
Q

Grade I rectal tear includes

A

Mucosa and submucosa

187
Q

Preferred technique for PIP joint arthrodesis

A

Plate application

188
Q
189
Q

Placed in upper left paralumbar fossa and remove 5cm x 3 cm skin circle when placing. Suture rumen in mattress pattern and need 1 inch sticking out of incision. Secure with 35ml syringe casing.

A

Temporary rumen fistula

Large Animal Surgery (2 decks)

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