large animal feedstuffs

Question 1

What is TDN

Answer 1

total digestable nutrients

Question 2

T/F All nutrients decrease with maturity

Answer 2

true

this decrease is greater in grasses

Question 3

Bermuda Grass

Answer 3

southern USA
lawns, pastures, hays
dense root mass, spreads through rhizomes
becomes fibrous when over mature
causes ileal impactions in horses (esp. immature grass) but is not a problem in ruminants

Question 4

Bermuda Grass Protein, ADF and NDF

Answer 4

Protein 15-20%
ADF 25-30%
NDF ~55%

Question 5

Ryegrass

Answer 5

perennial, good because cattle farmers can stock pile it
cool season
high quality

Question 6

Ryegrass Protein, TDN

Answer 6

protein 12-16%

TDN 63-68

Question 7

What happens to NDF and ADF as a pasture grass matures?

Answer 7

they both increase, as the grass gets older, it becomes less digestable

Question 8

Brome Grass

Answer 8

winter hardy
US and into canada
common cool season grass
no serious issues with it

Question 9

Brome Grass CP, ADF, NDF

Answer 9

CP 12-20%
ADF 22-26% (very digestible)
NDF ~50%

Question 10

Cheat grass

Answer 10

BAD grass
CP 3%
TDN

Question 11

What factor is used to best predict voluntary feed intake?

Answer 11

NDF

Question 12

What factor is used to be indicate forage digestibility

Answer 12

ADF

lower it is, the more digestible but you don’t want it so low they have to chew their cud

Question 13

Fescue

Answer 13

drought resistant
very common in lawns and pastures
adaptable to cool and warm weather
found mostly in eastern US (east of mississippi)

Question 14

Fescue CP and ADF

Answer 14

CP 12-22%

ADF 30-40% (a little higher than other but still ok)

Question 15

Problems with Tall Fescue

Answer 15

Neotyphodium coenophialum (fungus) that casues fescue foor (gangrene) in cattle during the winter
summer syndrome
prolonged gestation, abortion

Question 16

What is summer syndrome in cattle caused by?

Answer 16

Neotyphodium coenophialum (fungus)

stand in water because of increased body temp but wont eat, rapid breathing

Question 17

Timothy grass

Answer 17

important hay grass
coll adapted
cant withstand drought
favorite for horses
can be cubed
has very characteristic seed heads!

Question 18

Timothy grass CP and ADF

Answer 18

CP can be relatively high >20% but also ~12%

ADF of the timothy hay is ~35%

Question 19

Orchard Grass

Answer 19

very common, quality grass hay
cool weather (not as much in south US)
not as resistant to drought or hooves
cut in early bloom or just before
very productive
CP 14-17%
CP early growing 25%
CP hay protein 12%

Question 20

What are the native grasses

Answer 20

big bluestem
little bluestem
indian grass
switch grass
AKA: prairie hay

Question 21

What are the biggest protein sources for large animals

Answer 21

legumes

Question 22

what is the chief roughage legume

Answer 22

alfalfa mostly
clover
higher CP than grasses 15-25%
higher mineral content, esp. calcium which is important for cattle

Question 23

Alfalfa

Answer 23

excellent source: protein, Ca, carotene, tocopherol, and water soluble vitamins
highly palatable
deep rooted-drought tolerant

Question 24

Early bloom alfalfa Pro, ADF, NDF

Answer 24

Pro 18-19%
ADF 30.5%
NDF 40%

Question 25

midbloom alfalfa Pro, ADF, NDF

Answer 25

Pro 17-18%
ADF 35%
NDF 44%

Question 26

mature alfalfa Pro, ADF, NDF

Answer 26

Pro 15-16%
ADF 42.5%
NDF 49%

Question 27

Problems with alfalfa

Answer 27

froathy bloat in cattle!

blister beetle toxicity in horses (because of cantharidin)

Question 28

Which feed causes blister beetle toxicity?

Answer 28

alflalfa

Question 29

Which feed causing bleeding problems?

Answer 29

Sweet Clover

Question 30

Sweet clover

Answer 30

legume
Problem: high in coumarin, converted by molds to dicoumarol which is anti-vit K
bleeding problems and death (rare)
esp. problematic in neonates
cattle effect more than sheep and horses
seen after surgeries (castration, dehorning)
fetal hemorrhage followed by abortions

Question 31

Red Clover

Answer 31

Has slaframine which is mycotoxin from fungus and casues slobbering in horse

Question 32

Which feed causes photosentization?

Answer 32

alsike clover

Question 33

White clover

Answer 33

good pasture legume
DM Protein 17-33% (pretty high)
23% avg
NDF 36%
ADF 24%

Question 34

Forbs

Answer 34

any low growing broadleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants
(anything that has a blood is prob a forb)
goats readily consume many of these
sometimes sheep and cattle

Question 35

examples of Forbs

Answer 35

chicory
sunflower
dandelions

Question 36

what kind of grazers are goats?

Answer 36

opportunistic grazers- have to keep in mind plant toxicoses

Question 37

What happens when goats eat mountain laurel

Answer 37

they can vomit which causes aspiration pneumonia

Question 38

Japanese Yew

Answer 38

the whole plant except for the red berry is toxic (the seed is also toxic)
highly toxic to herbivores
acute onset and sudden death
taxine alkaloids inhibit depolarization in the heart

Question 39

T/F the quality of forages is highly variable

Answer 39

true

Question 40

when are forages most nutritious

Answer 40

when harvested and eaten as a young plant, but that causes crop yields to be lower

Question 41

Quality of forages depends on

Answer 41

degree of leafiness

stage of maturity

Question 42

What is the most nutrient rich part of the forage

Answer 42

leaf and stem. stems have more fiber, lower protein, DE, mineral and vitamins